Zelazo, CAS 7439-89-6 — odczynnik
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Odczynnik chemiczny Zelazo (CAS 7439-89-6). Pełna karta encyklopedyczna — klasyfikacja, właściwości i dane bezpieczeństwa — poniżej.
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Przegląd chemiczny: IronMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
| Wzór sumaryczny | Fe |
| Masa cząsteczkowa | 55.84 g/mol |
| Gęstość | 7.87 g/cm³[1] |
| SMILES | [Fe] |
| InChIKey | XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Synonimy: IRON · 7439-89-6 · Iron powder · Iron, elemental · ferrous iron
Źródła danych: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-08-05
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (1 źródeł)
- PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Gęstość
BADANIA NAUKOWE
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) 19 refs · 6 baz
MOLEKUŁA Bibliografia per-CAS (live z 13+ baz)
Źródła: db:Europe PMC (5) · db:arxiv (1) · db:openalex (10) · db:pubmed (1) · db:core (1) · db:doaj (1)
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Sustainable green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles from date seed powder for efficient dye removal: adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamic study". https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9808445/v1 →
- db:Europe PMC (2026). "Iron Biology in Acute Kidney Injury: Catalytic Iron, Hepcidin-Ferroportin Axis, and NGAL-A Narrative Review.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093802 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Iron Oxide-Chitosan Macroporous Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Efficient Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Degradation of Ciprofloxacin.". https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12050434 →
- db:arxiv Dongfei Wang, Jon Ortuzar, Freek Massee et al.. (2026). "Distinguishing Majorana zero modes from trivial defect states on the surface of the iron-based superconductor Fe(Te,Se)". arXiv (2606.17499v1).
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Iron-Based Nanoparticles as Delivery Tools.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19050654 →
- db:openalex Douglas Kalman, Susan Hewlings, Alexis Madelyn-Adjei et al.. (2025). "Dietary Heme Iron: A Review of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132132 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Gut microbiome restoring biogenic ferritin mineral as an effective oral iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia.". https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03814-z →
- db:openalex Songlin Wu, Yunjia Liu, Gordon Southam et al.. (2023). "Ecological engineering of iron ore tailings into useable soils for sustainable rehabilitation". iScience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107102 →
- db:openalex Tapos Kumar Chakraborty, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Prianka Ghosh et al.. (2022). "Arsenic, iron, and manganese in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in the rural area of Jashore, Bangladesh". Journal of Water and Health. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2022.284 →
- db:pubmed Nemeth E, Ganz T. (2021). "Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis.". International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126493 →
- db:openalex Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Md. Jahed Hassan Khan, Tapos Kumar Chakraborty et al.. (2020). "Human health risk assessment of elevated and variable iron and manganese intake with arsenic-safe groundwater in Jashore, Bangladesh". Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62187-5 →
- db:openalex Yanjiao Gao, Pascale Champagne, D. A. Blair et al.. (2020). "Activated persulfate by iron-based materials used for refractory organics degradation: a review". Water Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.190 →
- db:openalex Young J. Yauger, Sara Bermudez, Kasey E. Moritz et al.. (2019). "Iron accentuated reactive oxygen species release by NADPH oxidase in activated microglia contributes to oxidative stress in vitro". Journal of Neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1430-7 →
- db:openalex Jessica L. Billings, Sarah L. Gordon, Tristan Rawling et al.. (2019). "l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) modulates brain iron, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in iron overload and mutant alpha‐synuclein mouse models of Parkinson's disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14676 →
- db:openalex Jin Liu, Qingyang Hu, Duck Young Kim et al.. (2017). "Hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24461 →
- db:core (2012). "Iron 7439-89-6". https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp40511 →
- db:doaj Iryna Byelinska, Taras Rybalchenko, Volodymyr Kokozay et al.. (2010). "Influence of the mixed-metal Cu/Fe complex [Cu(dmen)2][Fe(CN)5(NO)] (dmen=N,N-dimethylethylenediamine) on serum iron and copper levels in experimental anemia of rats". Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences.
- db:openalex Lifang Chen, Juncheng Hu, Ryan M. Richards. (2008). "Catalytic Properties of Nanoscale Iron‐Doped Zirconia Solid‐Solution Aerogels". ChemPhysChem. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200800041 →
- db:openalex C.H. Corliss, Jack L. Tech. (1976). "Revised lifetimes of energy levels in neutral iron". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A Physics and Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.080a.072 →
Właściwości fizykochemiczne
Szybki przegląd
🔬 Właściwości zaawansowane
Identyfikatory chemiczne
[Fe] Ostatnia aktualizacja: 2026-06-30
⚛ Wizualizacja atomu — Żelazo MolGod_ATOMVIZ_1
📡 Spektroskopia — CAS 7439-89-6MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
Bazy widm spektroskopowych — dane inline 8 źródeł MolGod_SPECDB_2
Widma pobierane na żądanie z 9 źródeł. Każde widmo jest zapisywane w naszej bazie — kolejne otwarcie = zero zapytania do zewnętrznego API. Pobierz JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG przy każdym widmie bez szukania.
Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:
🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:
🔗 JP Monograph →Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:
🔗 WHO INN →Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:
🔗 DOAJ →Właściwości fizykochemiczne (baza danych) 1 fields MolGod Score: Wiarygodne
🛡️ Bezpieczeństwo — CAS 7439-89-6MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP — Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).
🚨 Zwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H)
- H228 — Substancja stała łatwopalna
- H319 — Działa drażniąco na oczy
- H335 — Może powodować podrażnienie dróg oddechowych
🛡 Zwroty określające środki ostrożności (P)
- P261 — Unikać wdychania pyłu/dymu/gazu/mgły/par/rozpylonej cieczy
- P264 — Dokładnie umyć ręce po użyciu
- P271 — Stosować wyłącznie na zewnątrz lub w dobrze wentylowanym pomieszczeniu
- P280 — Stosować rękawice ochronne / odzież ochronną / ochronę oczu / ochronę twarzy
- P304+P340 — W PRZYPADKU DOSTANIA SIĘ DO DRÓG ODDECHOWYCH: Wyprowadzić lub wynieść poszkodowanego na świeże powietrze i zapewnić mu warunki do swobodnego oddychania
- P305+P351+P338 — W PRZYPADKU DOSTANIA SIĘ DO OCZU: Ostrożnie płukać wodą przez kilka minut; Wyjąć soczewki kontaktowe, jeżeli są i można je łatwo usunąć. Kontynuować płukanie
- P312 — W przypadku złego samopoczucia skontaktować się z OŚRODKIEM ZATRUĆ lub lekarzem
- P337+P313 — W przypadku utrzymywania się działania drażniącego na oczy: Zasięgnąć porady lub zgłosić się pod opiekę lekarza
- P403+P233 — Przechowywać w dobrze wentylowanym miejscu: Przechowywać pojemnik szczelnie zamknięty
- P405 — Przechowywać pod zamknięciem
- P501 — Zawartość/pojemnik usuwać do upoważnionego punktu zbierania odpadów
⚠ Klasyfikacja na podstawie konsensusu źródeł (PubChem / zgłoszenia dostawców) — nie zweryfikowano względem zharmonizowanej klasyfikacji w załączniku VI (CLP). Zakres zagrożeń może być szerszy niż klasyfikacja urzędowa; przed zastosowaniem zweryfikować z aktualną kartą charakterystyki dostawcy.
Tłumaczenia: Rozporządzenie CLP (WE) 1272/2008, Załącznik III i IV. Dane: PubChem/NLM.
📚 Skonsolidowane referencje naukowe — Chicago Author-Date 10 źródeł
Referencje zebrane ze wszystkich zakładek Safety Hub. CAS: 7439-89-6 ·
PubChem ↗
- Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulacje
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
- Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
- UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia
Zakładki z własnymi referencjami (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) zawierają dodatkowe pozycje bibliograficzne wewnątrz swoich sekcji.
Statystyka analityczna (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2
Wklej serię powtórzeń pomiarów (CSV lub po jednej liczbie w linii). Kalkulator policzy średnią, odchylenie, 95% CI, wykryje outliery (Grubbs + Dixon Q).
📐 Formuły statystyczne
x̄ = Σxᵢ / n— średnia arytmetycznas² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1)— wariancja próbys = √s²— odchylenie standardoweRSD% = (s / x̄) × 100%— względne odchylenieCI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n— Student's tG = |xᵢ - x̄| / s— test GrubbsaQ = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin|— Dixon Q-test
Źródło: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗
Kalkulator receptur buforów UNIKALNE
Wybierz bufor z listy 20 popularnych systemów → wprowadź docelowe pH → otrzymasz dokładny przepis z masami do odważenia.
Krok 1: Wybierz system buforowy
📜 Historia przepisów (ostatnie 10)
🧪 Asystent przygotowania roztworu (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2
Wpisz co chcesz przygotować — wygeneruję SOP
📚 Przegląd literatury naukowej — CAS 7439-89-6MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Najważniejsze odkrycia (literatura naukowa) 19 publikacji
7439-89-6
— multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% cytowania · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
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#1Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Md. Jahed Hassan Khan, Tapos Kumar Chakraborty et al. (2020) · Scientific ReportsDlaczego ważne: 209 cytowań · open access
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#2Young J. Yauger, Sara Bermudez, Kasey E. Moritz et al. (2019) · Journal of NeuroinflammationDlaczego ważne: 124 cytowań · open access
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#3Tapos Kumar Chakraborty, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Prianka Ghosh et al. (2022) · Journal of Water and HealthDlaczego ważne: Open access
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#4Jin Liu, Qingyang Hu, Duck Young Kim et al. (2017) · NatureDlaczego ważne: 160 cytowań · open access
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#5Songlin Wu, Yunjia Liu, Gordon Southam et al. (2023) · iScienceDlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2023) · open access
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#6Yanjiao Gao, Pascale Champagne, D. A. Blair et al. (2020) · Water Science & TechnologyDlaczego ważne: Przegląd · open access
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#7Douglas Kalman, Susan Hewlings, Alexis Madelyn-Adjei et al. (2025) · NutrientsDlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · przegląd · open access
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#8Jessica L. Billings, Sarah L. Gordon, Tristan Rawling et al. (2019) · Journal of NeurochemistryDlaczego ważne: Open access
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#9Lifang Chen, Juncheng Hu, Ryan M. Richards (2008) · ChemPhysChemDlaczego ważne: Open access
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#10et al. (2025) · Journal of NanobiotechnologyDlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · open access
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#11et al. (2026) · PharmaceuticalsDlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
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#12et al. (2026)Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
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#13C.H. Corliss, Jack L. Tech (1976) · Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A Physics and ChemistryDlaczego ważne: Open access
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#14Chandrashekar Annamalai; Pragasam Viswanathan (2026) · International Journal of Molecular SciencesDlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open access
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#15Dongfei Wang, Jon Ortuzar, Freek Massee et al. (2026) · arXiv (2606.17499v1)Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · open accessSCORE 6.25 Mechanizm Open Access
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#16Nemeth E, Ganz T (2021) · International journal of molecular sciencesDlaczego ważne: Przegląd · open access
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#17Bell SG (2026) · Neonatal network : NNDlaczego ważne: Must-cite (kanon) · aktualna (2026) · przegląd
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#18Iryna Byelinska, Taras Rybalchenko, Volodymyr Kokozay et al. (2010) · Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical SciencesDlaczego ważne: Open accessSCORE 2.25 Mechanizm Open Access
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#19(2012) · Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial MaterialsDlaczego ważne: Wybrane przez multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
📚 REFERENCJE (Bibliografia zbiorcza, Chicago Author-Date) 126 items
Wszystkie źródła naukowe cytowane w akordeonach powyżej dla CAS 7439-89-6. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.
🗄️ Bazy danych naukowych
- PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7439-89-6. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
- NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7439-89-6. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7439-89-6.
- AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7439-89-6. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
- Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
- U.S. EPA. n.d. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: CAS 7439-89-6. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5043710.
📐 Standardy / Wytyczne
- ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.
📖 Książki
- Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
- Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
- Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
- Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
- Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.
📄 Artykuły naukowe (peer-reviewed)
- Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
- Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.
🌐 Strony internetowe
- ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
- European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
- ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
- European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
- ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
- ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
- United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
- ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
- U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2024) — 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) https://www.osha.gov/hazwoper.
- National Fire Protection Association (2018) — NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-472.
- European Parliament and Council (2012) — Directive 2012/18/EU on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Seveso III) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012L0018.
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024) — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
- European Chemicals Agency (2020) — Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Version 3.1 https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
- Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
- Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
- Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
- Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
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