ferro — etichetta CAS 7439-89-6

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🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D
Caricamento molecola...
Modello 3D Iron, CAS 7439-89-6, formula molecolare Fe, massa molare 55.84 g/mol

Dati trascritti da registri normativi e letteratura tecnica, con indicazione della fonte e dell'edizione. Non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza del fornitore. I campi privi di fonte registrata sono contrassegnati come tali.

Panoramica chimica: IronMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formula molecolareFe
Peso molecolare55.84 g/mol
Densità7.87 g/cm³[1]
SMILES[Fe]
InChIKeyXEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Sinonimi: IRON · 7439-89-6 · Iron powder · Iron, elemental · ferrous iron

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-08-05

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Densità

RICERCA SCIENTIFICA

[1]Europe PMC2026
Iron Biology in Acute Kidney Injury: Catalytic Iron, Hepcidin-Ferroportin Axis, and NGAL-A Narrative Review.
(2026). "Iron Biology in Acute Kidney Injury: Catalytic Iron, Hepcidin-Ferroportin Axis, and NGAL-A Narrative Review.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093802
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[2]Europe PMC2026
Iron Oxide-Chitosan Macroporous Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Efficient Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Degradation of Ciprofloxacin.
et al.. (2026). "Iron Oxide-Chitosan Macroporous Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Efficient Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Degradation of Ciprofloxacin.". https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12050434
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[3]Europe PMC2026
Iron-Based Nanoparticles as Delivery Tools.
et al.. (2026). "Iron-Based Nanoparticles as Delivery Tools.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19050654
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[4]OpenAlex2025
Dietary Heme Iron: A Review of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability
Douglas Kalman, Susan Hewlings, Alexis Madelyn-Adjei et al.. (2025). "Dietary Heme Iron: A Review of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132132
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[5]Europe PMC2025
Gut microbiome restoring biogenic ferritin mineral as an effective oral iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia.
et al.. (2025). "Gut microbiome restoring biogenic ferritin mineral as an effective oral iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia.". https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03814-z
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[6]OpenAlex2023
Ecological engineering of iron ore tailings into useable soils for sustainable rehabilitation
Songlin Wu, Yunjia Liu, Gordon Southam et al.. (2023). "Ecological engineering of iron ore tailings into useable soils for sustainable rehabilitation". iScience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.10
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[7]OpenAlex2022
Arsenic, iron, and manganese in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in the rural area of…
Tapos Kumar Chakraborty, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Prianka Ghosh et al.. (2022). "Arsenic, iron, and manganese in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in the rural area of Jashore, B
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[8]PubMed2021
Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis.
Nemeth E, Ganz T. (2021). "Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis.". International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126493
Vai allo studio completo ↗
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 19 refs · 6 baz

MOLEKUŁA Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:Europe PMC (5) · db:arxiv (1) · db:openalex (10) · db:pubmed (1) · db:core (1) · db:doaj (1)

  1. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Sustainable green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles from date seed powder for efficient dye removal: adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamic study". https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9808445/v1 →
  2. db:Europe PMC (2026). "Iron Biology in Acute Kidney Injury: Catalytic Iron, Hepcidin-Ferroportin Axis, and NGAL-A Narrative Review.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093802 →
  3. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Iron Oxide-Chitosan Macroporous Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Efficient Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Degradation of Ciprofloxacin.". https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12050434 →
  4. db:arxiv Dongfei Wang, Jon Ortuzar, Freek Massee et al.. (2026). "Distinguishing Majorana zero modes from trivial defect states on the surface of the iron-based superconductor Fe(Te,Se)". arXiv (2606.17499v1).
  5. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Iron-Based Nanoparticles as Delivery Tools.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19050654 →
  6. db:openalex Douglas Kalman, Susan Hewlings, Alexis Madelyn-Adjei et al.. (2025). "Dietary Heme Iron: A Review of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132132 →
  7. db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Gut microbiome restoring biogenic ferritin mineral as an effective oral iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia.". https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03814-z →
  8. db:openalex Songlin Wu, Yunjia Liu, Gordon Southam et al.. (2023). "Ecological engineering of iron ore tailings into useable soils for sustainable rehabilitation". iScience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107102 →
  9. db:openalex Tapos Kumar Chakraborty, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Prianka Ghosh et al.. (2022). "Arsenic, iron, and manganese in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in the rural area of Jashore, Bangladesh". Journal of Water and Health. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2022.284 →
  10. db:pubmed Nemeth E, Ganz T. (2021). "Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis.". International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126493 →
  11. db:openalex Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Md. Jahed Hassan Khan, Tapos Kumar Chakraborty et al.. (2020). "Human health risk assessment of elevated and variable iron and manganese intake with arsenic-safe groundwater in Jashore, Bangladesh". Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62187-5 →
  12. db:openalex Yanjiao Gao, Pascale Champagne, D. A. Blair et al.. (2020). "Activated persulfate by iron-based materials used for refractory organics degradation: a review". Water Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.190 →
  13. db:openalex Young J. Yauger, Sara Bermudez, Kasey E. Moritz et al.. (2019). "Iron accentuated reactive oxygen species release by NADPH oxidase in activated microglia contributes to oxidative stress in vitro". Journal of Neuroinflammation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1430-7 →
  14. db:openalex Jessica L. Billings, Sarah L. Gordon, Tristan Rawling et al.. (2019). "l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) modulates brain iron, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in iron overload and mutant alpha‐synuclein mouse models of Parkinson's disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14676 →
  15. db:openalex Jin Liu, Qingyang Hu, Duck Young Kim et al.. (2017). "Hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24461 →
  16. db:core (2012). "Iron 7439-89-6". https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp40511 →
  17. db:doaj Iryna Byelinska, Taras Rybalchenko, Volodymyr Kokozay et al.. (2010). "Influence of the mixed-metal Cu/Fe complex [Cu(dmen)2][Fe(CN)5(NO)] (dmen=N,N-dimethylethylenediamine) on serum iron and copper levels in experimental anemia of rats". Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences.
  18. db:openalex Lifang Chen, Juncheng Hu, Ryan M. Richards. (2008). "Catalytic Properties of Nanoscale Iron‐Doped Zirconia Solid‐Solution Aerogels". ChemPhysChem. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200800041 →
  19. db:openalex C.H. Corliss, Jack L. Tech. (1976). "Revised lifetimes of energy levels in neutral iron". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A Physics and Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.080a.072 →
📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: Fe
MW: 55.84 g/mol
CAS: 7439-89-6
Aspetto: Metallo bianco-argenteo o grigio, morbido, duttile, malleabile ... In polvere è nero o grigio
🔬 Proprietà avanzate

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: [Fe]

Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-06-30

Stato normativo della sostanza
Nessuna voce per questo CAS negli elenchi di restrizioni consultati (lista di candidati SVHC, REACH Allegato XVII; insiemi di dati incompleti - questa non è una conferma di conformità). Classificazione CLP e stato di trasporto (ADR): vedere la sezione GHS e la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS).
🧮 Calcolatore stechiometricoMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Identificatori esterniMolGod_EXTID_1
14 su 16 sistemi ID88%
DatabaseIdentificatoreAzioni
CAS Registry Number7439-89-6Apri →
PubChem CID23925[1]Apri →
InChIKeyXEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Apri →
InChIInChI=1S/Fe[1]
SMILES[Fe][1]
EC Number231-096-4[2]Apri →
DrugBankDB01592Apri →
KEGG CompoundC00023Apri →
HMDBHMDB0015531Apri →
ChemSpider22368[3]Apri →
CompTox DTXSID (EPA)DTXSID5043710[4]Apri →
MeSH UID (NLM)D007501Apri →
UNII (FDA)E1UOL152H7Apri →
WikiData QIDQ677Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider
  4. U.S. EPA. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard — ToxCast/Tox21 high-throughput screening bioactivity summary (testing coverage, not a hazard finding). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ↗ dotyczy: CompTox DTXSID (EPA)
⚛ Visualizzazione dell'atomo — Ferro MolGod_ATOMVIZ_1
Fe
Ferro
Iron
Z = 26 | metallo di transizione
Massa atomica
55.845 u
T. fusione
1538 °C
T. ebollizione
2862 °C
Densità
7.874 g/cm³
Elettronegatività
1.83
Gruppo / Periodo
8 / 4
26 protons
30 neutronów
K: 2e⁻ L: 8e⁻ M: 14e⁻ N: 2e⁻
[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 7439-89-6MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Banche dati di spettri spettroscopici — dati inline 8 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Gli spettri vengono recuperati su richiesta da 9 fonti. Ogni spettro viene salvato nel nostro database — l'apertura successiva = zero richieste all'API esterna. Scarica JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG per ogni spettro senza dover cercare.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

I dati vengono scaricati una sola volta (parser JCAMP-DX) e salvati nel database locale del plugin. Nessun download duplicato, nessuna query a NIST alle aperture successive. Licenze rispettate (vengono pubblicati solo un deep link e una visualizzazione propria).

🔬 Spettri interattivi (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Dati recuperati in tempo reale da più fonti (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG disponibili per il download sotto ogni spettro.

IR — infrarosso in trasformata di Fourier

Caricamento IR — infrarosso in trasformata di Fourier…

MS — spettrometria di massa (EI 70eV)

Caricamento MS — spettrometria di massa (EI 70eV)…

📐 Proprietà fisico-chimiche (database) 1 campi MolGod Score: Affidabile
Proprietà Valore Unità Conditions Source
Densità (ρ) 7.87 [1] g/cm³ PubChem PUG-View (2026)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Densità (ρ)
🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Inserisci la concentrazione Iron in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 55.84 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuratezzaSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Procedura guidata di preparazione della soluzione WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Seleziona la concentrazione
② Volume finale
③ Solvente

Calcoli secondo: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 7439-89-6MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Pericolo (Danger)
GHS02 — Infiammabile
GHS02 Infiammabile
GHS07 — Irritante / nocivo
GHS07 Irritante / nocivo

🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

  • H228 — Solido infiammabile.
  • H319 — Provoca grave irritazione oculare.
  • H335 — Può irritare le vie respiratorie.

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

  • P261 — Evitare di respirare la polvere/i fumi/i gas/la nebbia/i vapori/gli aerosol.
  • P264 — Lavare accuratamente … dopo l’uso.
  • P271 — Utilizzare soltanto all’aperto o in luogo ben ventilato.
  • P280 — Indossare guanti/indumenti protettivi/Proteggere gli occhi/il viso.
  • P304+P340 — IN CASO DI INALAZIONE: Trasportare l’infortunato all’aria aperta e mantenerlo a riposo in posizione che favorisca la respirazione.
  • P305+P351+P338 — IN CASO DI CONTATTO CON GLI OCCHI: Sciacquare accuratamente per parecchi minuti.; Togliere le eventuali lenti a contatto se è agevole farlo. Continuare a sciacquare.
  • P312 — In caso di malessere, contattare un CENTRO ANTIVELENI/un medico/…
  • P337+P313 — Se l’irritazione degli occhi persiste: Consultare un medico.
  • P403+P233 — Conservare in luogo ben ventilato.: Tenere il recipiente ben chiuso.
  • P405 — Conservare sotto chiave.
  • P501 — Smaltire il prodotto/recipiente in …

⚠ Classificazione basata sul consenso delle fonti (PubChem / notifiche dei fornitori) — non verificata rispetto alla classificazione armonizzata dell'allegato VI (CLP). L'ambito dei pericoli può essere più ampio della classificazione ufficiale; prima dell'uso verificare con la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del fornitore.

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 7439-89-6 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.
📐 Formule statistiche
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
  • s = √s² — deviazione standard
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calcolatore di ricette per tamponi UNIQUE
Bibliografia: Valori di pKa da Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Scegli un tampone dall'elenco di 20 sistemi popolari → inserisci il pH target → otterrai una ricetta esatta con le masse da pesare.

Passo 1: Scegli un sistema tampone

📜 Cronologia delle ricette (ultime 10)
🧪 Solubilità e compatibilità con i solventi MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecola
Iron
Formula
Fe
logP (XLogP3)
—
Massa (g/mol)
55.84
Polarità
—

⚠️ Composto ionico / inorganico — i parametri di Hansen (δD/δP/δH) non sono applicabili: la dissoluzione è governata dall'energia del reticolo cristallino e dalla solvatazione degli ioni, non dalla coesione molecolare. Blocco HSP e sfera di Hansen omessi. Colonne dipendenti dagli HSP (Compat./Ra/Visuale) contrassegnate „n/d" — basare la selezione del solvente su dati sperimentali.

Tabela kompatybilności rozpuszczalników niedostępna dla tej substancji.
Parametry Hansena są poza zakresem metody, więc odległości Ra nie da się policzyć, a w bazie nie ma pomiaru rozpuszczalności, którym można by je zastąpić. Zamiast jedenastu ocen bez podstawy nie pokazujemy żadnej. Dobór rozpuszczalnika oprzyj na karcie charakterystyki i danych eksperymentalnych.
📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — clicca per espandere

11 solventi · 54 citazioni complete (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — sotto.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Set tabulare completo di 250+ solventi (ε, μ, donicità, numeri di accettore).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 7439-89-6 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarità (M=n/V)
Tampone pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Moli
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generatore di protocolli di laboratorio MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocollo generato sulla base di: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Ferro• IRON• CAS: 7439-89-6• Formula: Fe• Massa: 55.84 g/molPERICOLOINDICAZIONI DI PERICOLO GHS:(autoclassificazione dei fornitori — non vincolante)H228: Solido infiammabile.H319: Provoca grave irritazione oculare.H335: Può irritare le vie respiratorie.DH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.N. lotto: Massa netta: Prod.:
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
Caricamento delle predizioni ADMET…
🧪 Assistente di preparazione della soluzione (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Inserisci cosa vuoi preparare — genererò una SOP

Esempi qui sotto — clicca per inserire:
Ricette predefinite:
📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 7439-89-6MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 19 publications
🏆 CAS 7439-89-6 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Md. Jahed Hassan Khan, Tapos Kumar Chakraborty et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports
    Perché è importante: 209 citations · open access
    SCORE 12.22 Meccanismo Citazioni: 209 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Young J. Yauger, Sara Bermudez, Kasey E. Moritz et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation
    Perché è importante: 124 citations · open access
    SCORE 11.24 Meccanismo Citazioni: 124 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Tapos Kumar Chakraborty, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Prianka Ghosh et al. (2022) · Journal of Water and Health
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 11.09 Meccanismo Citazioni: 55 Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Jin Liu, Qingyang Hu, Duck Young Kim et al. (2017) · Nature
    Perché è importante: 160 citations · open access
    SCORE 10.97 Meccanismo Citazioni: 160 Open Access DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Songlin Wu, Yunjia Liu, Gordon Southam et al. (2023) · iScience
    Perché è importante: Recente (2023) · open access
    SCORE 10.89 Meccanismo Citazioni: 37 Open Access DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Yanjiao Gao, Pascale Champagne, D. A. Blair et al. (2020) · Water Science & Technology
    Perché è importante: Rassegna · open access
    SCORE 10.54 Rassegna Citazioni: 57 Open Access DOI ↗
  7. #7
    Douglas Kalman, Susan Hewlings, Alexis Madelyn-Adjei et al. (2025) · Nutrients
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · rassegna · open access
    SCORE 10.39 Rassegna Citazioni: 23 Open Access DOI ↗
  8. #8
    Jessica L. Billings, Sarah L. Gordon, Tristan Rawling et al. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 9.69 Meccanismo Citazioni: 37 Open Access DOI ↗
  9. #9
    Lifang Chen, Juncheng Hu, Ryan M. Richards (2008) · ChemPhysChem
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 7.24 Meccanismo Citazioni: 45 Open Access DOI ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.15 Meccanismo Citazioni: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    et al. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Farmacologia Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    et al. (2026)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  13. #13
    C.H. Corliss, Jack L. Tech (1976) · Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A Physics and Chemistry
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 6.54 Meccanismo Citazioni: 26 Open Access DOI ↗
  14. #14
    Chandrashekar Annamalai; Pragasam Viswanathan (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  15. #15
    Dongfei Wang, Jon Ortuzar, Freek Massee et al. (2026) · arXiv (2606.17499v1)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access
  16. #16
    Nemeth E, Ganz T (2021) · International journal of molecular sciences
    Perché è importante: Rassegna · open access
    SCORE 5.55 Rassegna Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    Bell SG (2026) · Neonatal network : NN
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · recente (2026) · rassegna
    SCORE 4 Rassegna MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  18. #18
    Iryna Byelinska, Taras Rybalchenko, Volodymyr Kokozay et al. (2010) · Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 2.25 Meccanismo Open Access
  19. #19
    (2012) · Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0.6 Meccanismo DOI ↗
📈 Gradiente HPLC — ottimizzatore (LSS) MODELLO

logP sconosciuto — PubChem non ha restituito un valore XLogP. Il gradiente seguente è un modello generico 5–95% MeCN/H2O in 15 min; verificare i parametri prima dell'uso.

⚠ logP non disponibile. PubChem non ha restituito la proprietà XLogP3 per questo CAS. I valori del gradiente riportati di seguito sono un modello generico — non un LSS adattato al composto.
  • Colonna: C18
  • Tampone: phosphate
  • Flusso: 1 mL/min
  • logP: logP non disponibile
  • Ramp: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Tempo totale di analisi: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Commento
0 79 21 1 avvio (equilibrio)
2 79 21 1 fine mantenimento iniziale
17 5 95 1 fine rampa LSS
22 5 95 1 lavaggio della colonna
23 79 21 1 ritorno a init
28 79 21 1 riequilibrazione
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/7439-89-6

📐 Calcolatore della simmetria del picco HPLC (USP Tf / As)

Calcola il fattore di tailing USP (T) e l'asimmetria (As) dalle semilarghezze del picco. Inserisci a (semilarghezza sinistra) e b (semilarghezza destra) misurate al 5% o 10% dell'altezza del picco.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calcolatore di risoluzione e numero di piatti (Rs, N, H)

Calcola la risoluzione Rs, il numero di piatti teorici N e l'HETP (H) per una coppia di picchi HPLC. Inserisci i tempi di ritenzione, le larghezze dei picchi (al 50% o alla base) e la lunghezza della colonna.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
🧪 System Suitability — calcolatore live (USP <621>)

Inserisci i dati di 5-6 iniezioni (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — il calcolatore calcolerà %RSD, le medie e verificherà la conformità con USP <621>. Puoi incollare un CSV (separato da virgole) o modificare i singoli valori.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
⚠️ Interakcje lekowe (2)MolGod_DRUGINT_1

Znane interakcje farmakokinetyczne i farmakodynamiczne dla CAS 7439-89-6 wg konsensusowych źródeł klinicznych. Niniejsze informacje są edukacyjne — nie zastępują konsultacji lekarskiej.

Skala evidence (Hansten & Horn)
A — randomized controlled trials · B — non-randomized clinical / PK studies · C — case reports · D — theoretical/mechanism-based
  • Doksycyklina
    Umiarkowane
    CAS partnera: 564-25-0 · DrugBank DB00254 · PubChem 54671203

    Mechanizm: Doksycyklina chelatuje Fe2+ → spadek wchłaniania obu leków o 50–80 %.

    Skutek kliniczny: Spadek stężenia doksycykliny i suplementu Fe.

    Postępowanie: Odstęp co najmniej 2–3 h między doksycykliną a żelazem.

    Źródło: Stockley 2021; Lexicomp 2024
  • Lewotyroksyna
    UmiarkowaneEL: B
    CAS partnera: 51-48-9 · DrugBank DB00451 · PubChem 5819

    Mechanizm: Żelazo tworzy chelat z lewotyroksyną w jelitach → spadek wchłaniania o 30–60 %.

    Skutek kliniczny: Niedostateczna substytucja → wzrost TSH, objawy hipotyreozy.

    Postępowanie: Lewotyroksynę przyjmować rano na czczo; żelazo ≥ 4 h później. TSH po 6 tyg. od włączenia Fe.

    Źródło: Stockley 2021; ATA 2024
Bibliography (Chicago)
  • Hansten, Philip D., and John R. Horn. 2024. "The Top 100 Drug Interactions: A Guide to Patient Management." H&H Publications.
  • Stockley, Ivan H., ed. 2021. "Stockley's Drug Interactions." 12th ed. Pharmaceutical Press.
  • Indiana University. 2024. "P450 Drug Interaction Table." https://drug-interactions.medicine.iu.edu/.
  • Lexicomp. 2024. "Lexicomp Drug Interactions Database." Wolters Kluwer.
  • U.S. FDA. 2023. "Drug Development and Drug Interactions Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers." https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/drug-development-and-drug-interactions-table-substrates-inhibitors-and-inducers.
  • Goldfrank, Lewis R., et al. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies." 11th ed. McGraw-Hill (rozdz. Drug Interactions — synergie + antagonizmy w zatruciach mieszanych).
  • Olson, Kent R., et al. 2018. "Poisoning & Drug Overdose." 7th ed. McGraw-Hill (kliniczne management interakcji w przedawkowaniu).
  • Dollery, Colin, ed. 1999. "Therapeutic Drugs." 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone (monografia źródłowa o interakcjach lek-lek na poziomie farmakokinetyki).
  • Rosenstock, Linda, et al. 2005. "Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine." 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders (occupational + drug exposure interakcje).
  • Lippmann, Morton. 2009. "Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects." 3rd ed. Wiley (modulacja CYP3A4/CYP2D6 przez ekspozycje środowiskowe).
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press (in vitro screening DDI: rola P-gp, BCRP).
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📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 126 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 7439-89-6.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7439-89-6. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7439-89-6. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7439-89-6.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7439-89-6. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  5. U.S. EPA. n.d. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: CAS 7439-89-6. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5043710.

📐 Standard / Linee guida

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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