D-(+)-glucose

2,99 

GLUKOZA DEKSTROZA – 1KG
Postać:
biały drobnokrystliczny proszek
Składniki: 100% Glukozy
Przedmiotem wymagań jest glukoza krystaliczna przeznaczona do celów spożywczych. Glukoza krystaliczna (α-D-glukoza) w postaci drobnokrystalicznej jest otrzymywana w wyniku enzymatycznej hydrolizy skrobii.
Opakowa

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MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 18.07.2026
SKU: AF-DH-8264324401 Kategoria:
🧬 3D-molecuulvisualisator
Molecuul laden...
3D-model D-Glucose, CAS 50-99-7, molecuulformule C6H12O6, molaire massa 180.16 g/mol

Gegevens overgenomen uit regelgevende registers en vakliteratuur, met vermelding van bron en editie. Zij vervangen niet het veiligheidsinformatieblad van de leverancier. Velden zonder vastgelegde bron zijn als zodanig gemarkeerd.

Chemisch overzicht: D-GlucoseMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
MolecuulformuleC6H12O6[1]
Molecuulmassa180.16 g/mol[1]
Smeltpunt146 °C[1][2]
Dichtheid1.562 g/cm³[2]
LogP (lipofiliteit)-2.99[1][2]
IUPAC-naam(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol[1]
SMILESC([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(O1)O)O)O)O)O[1]
InChIKeyWQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N[1]

Synoniemen: D-Glucopyranose · glucose · Glucopyranose · dextrose · Blood sugar

Gegevensbronnen: PubChem (NLM/NIH), CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
Laatst bijgewerkt: 2026-06-30

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (2 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Molecuulformule · Molecuulmassa · Smeltpunt · LogP (lipofiliteit) · IUPAC-naam · SMILES · InChIKey
  2. Rumble, J.R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. dotyczy: Smeltpunt · Dichtheid · LogP (lipofiliteit)

🎓 Badania akademickie: 50-99-7

#1🎓Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery📅 2026
Losev FF; Kulakov AA; Vladimirskaya OS; Abramova ES; Selifanova EI; Fomenkova AE.
#2🎓University of Pisa📅 2026
Bononi G; Bertini F; Masoni S; Stefano MD; Mosca R; Felice F.
#3🎓The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University📅 2026
Zhao KS; Bi JC; Bei N; Huang JC; He MR; Yuan CL.
#4🎓Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease📅 2026
Menezes-Silva L; Jeong M; Carr C; Schneider RM; Pires S; Codo AC.
#6🎓Dalian University of Technology📅 2025
Shi T; Gao L; Cao R; Cao X; Zou W; Zhang S.

WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK

[1]PubMed2026
Zhang L; Yang J. 2026. "Inhibition of NTF4 Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation in HTR-8/SVneo Cells via the PI3K/AKT Pathway." Immunity, inflammation and disease. https://doi.or
The Central Hospital of Wuhan
[2]PubMed2026
Boehm-Sturm P; Schuenke P; Foddis M; Mueller S; Koch SP; Beard DJ. 2026. "Measuring cerebral glucose metabolism by chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock (CESL) MRI of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rodents." Pl
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
[3]PubMed2026
Su H; Zhang L; Zhang Q; Liu L; Zhai L; Chen X. 2026. "Glucose metabolic reprogramming in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: theoretical foundations and therapeutic implications." Fronti
National Clinical Key Specialty Construction Program (2023)
[4]PubMed2026
Yang W; Dong P; Li G; Wu H; Li L; Gao M. 2026. "Structural characterization of a glucose-activated β-glucosidase from Bacillus thermoamylovorans." Biochemical and biophysical research communications.
Fujian Metrology Institute
📊 Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen

Snel overzicht

Formule: C6H12O6
MW: 180.16 g/mol
CAS: 50-99-7
Uiterlijk: Kleurloze kristallen of wit korrelig poeder
Geur: Geurloos

Gedetailleerde eigenschappen

Uzupełnienie tabeli „Właściwości fizykochemiczne (baza danych)” poniżej — powtórzone wartości pokazujemy tylko raz.

Eigenschap Waarde Eenheid Condities Bron
Kookpunt (bp) greater than 100 °C at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999) CAMEO Chemicals ↗
Dampdruk 8.0X10-14 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated from a higher solid-phase temperature range/[1] Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) ↗
Brekingsindex (nD) 1.388[2] 20 °C, D-line CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
🔬 Geavanceerde eigenschappen

Chemische identificatoren

SMILES: C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(O1)O)O)O)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1
InChIKey: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N

Gegevensbronnen: CAMEO Chemicals, Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024) (ISBN 9781032655628)

Laatst bijgewerkt: niet bevestigd

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (2 bronnen)
  1. NLM. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). National Library of Medicine. dotyczy: Dampdruk
  2. Rumble, J.R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. dotyczy: Brekingsindex (nD)
Regelgevingsstatus van de stof
Geen vermeldingen voor dit CAS in de gecontroleerde beperkingslijsten (SVHC-kandidatenlijst, REACH bijlage XVII; datasets onvolledig - dit is geen bevestiging van conformiteit). CLP-classificatie en transportstatus (ADR): zie de GHS-sectie en het veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS).
🧮 StoichiometrierekenmachineMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Externe identificatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
8 van 16 ID-systemen50%
DatabaseIdentificatorActies
CAS Registry Number50-99-7Openen →
PubChem CID5793[1]Openen →
InChIKeyWQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N[1]Openen →
InChIInChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h…[1]
SMILESC([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(O1)O)O)O)O)O[1]
EC Number200-075-1[2]Openen →
MeSH UID (NLM)D005947Openen →
WikiData QIDQ37525Openen →

Bronnen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (2 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. dotyczy: EC Number
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 50-99-7MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Databases met spectroscopische spectra — inline-gegevens 9 bronnen MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra worden op aanvraag opgehaald uit 9 bronnen. Elk spectrum wordt opgeslagen in onze database — de volgende keer openen = geen enkele aanvraag naar de externe API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG bij elk spectrum zonder te zoeken.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
punten
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
punten
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
punten
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
punten
📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
punten
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org
🔬 Interactieve spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Gegevens worden live opgehaald uit meerdere bronnen (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG beschikbaar om te downloaden onder elk spectrum.

IR — Fourier-transform infrarood

IR — Fourier-transform infrarood wordt geladen…

MS — massaspectrometrie (EI 70eV)

MS — massaspectrometrie (EI 70eV) wordt geladen…

📐 Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen (database) 7 velden MolGod-score: Primair
Eigenschap Waarde Eenheid Conditions Source
Smeltpunt 146 [1][2] °C decomp. CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
Kookpunt rozkłada się [1] przed wrzeniem (decomp.) CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
Wateroplosbaarheid 910 [1] g/L 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
Dichtheid (ρ) 1.562 [1] g/cm³ 20°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
Brekingsindex (n_D) 1.388 [1] 20°C, sodium D CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
logP (octanol/water) -2.99 [1] CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
Soortelijke warmte (cp) 1.26 [1] J/(g·K) CRC Handbook 105th ed. (2024)
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (2 bronnen)
  1. Rumble, J.R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. dotyczy: Smeltpunt · Kookpunt · Wateroplosbaarheid · Dichtheid (ρ) · Brekingsindex (n_D) · logP (octanol/water) · Soortelijke warmte (cp)
  2. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. dotyczy: Smeltpunt

De fysisch-chemische waarden zijn afkomstig van de onafhankelijke, peer-reviewed bronnen die hierboven zijn vermeld.

🔄 Omrekenaar voor concentratie-eenheden LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Voer de concentratie D-Glucose in een willekeurige eenheid in — de rest wordt automatisch berekend.

MW: 180.16 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversieformules + citaten (per formule)
ConversieFormuleNauwkeurigheidBron
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografie (8 gezaghebbende bronnen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM ·
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 ·
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 ·
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Wizard voor het bereiden van oplossingen WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Selecteer concentratie
② Doelvolume
③ Oplosmiddel

Berekeningen volgens: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🔬 Gids voor zuiverheidscontrole Kwaliteitscontrole

Verifieer de zuiverheid van het reagens met gestandaardiseerde analytische methoden. Selecteer hieronder een testmethode en voer uw meetresultaten in voor automatische berekening.

🛡️ Veiligheid — CAS 50-99-7MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Mededeling over gegevensbeperkingen. De veiligheidsinformatie op deze pagina is uitsluitend ter informatie en vervangt geen volledig veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS). Raadpleeg vóór gebruik van het product het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad van de fabrikant en de GHS/CLP-richtlijnen. De CLP-indeling geldt voor de zuivere bulkstof, niet voor commerciële formuleringen.

Geen geharmoniseerde GHS-indeling voor deze stof — zie het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS) van de leverancier.

📚 Geconsolideerde wetenschappelijke referenties — Chicago Author-Date 10 bronnen

Referenties verzameld uit alle tabbladen van de Safety Hub. CAS: 50-99-7 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regelgeving
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabbladen met eigen referenties (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) bevatten aanvullende bibliografische vermeldingen binnen hun respectieve secties.

📈 Analytische statistiek (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Plak een reeks herhaalde metingen (CSV of één getal per regel). De calculator berekent het gemiddelde, de standaardafwijking en 95% CI, en detecteert uitschieters (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Scheidingsteken: komma, spatie, tab, nieuwe regel. Minimaal 3 metingen.
📐 Statistische formules
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — rekenkundig gemiddelde
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — steekproefvariantie
  • s = √s² — standaardafwijking
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relatieve standaardafwijking
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Bron: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Bufferrecept-calculator UNIEK

Kies een buffer uit de lijst van 20 populaire systemen → voer de streef-pH in → ontvang een exact recept met de af te wegen massa's.

Stap 1: Kies een buffersysteem

📜 Receptgeschiedenis (laatste 10)
🚚 Transportclassificatie (ADR / IATA / IMDG)
✅ Niet onderworpen aan transportvoorschriften

Stof geclassificeerd als niet-gevaarlijk voor het wegvervoer (ADR), luchtvervoer (IATA) en zeevervoer (IMDG).

Bron: ADR 2025 (Not regulated)

🛣️ ADR Wegvervoer

Klasse:
Not regulated
🧪 HPLC-methoden (klaar om te importeren) (1)

C18 · purity · agilent

Method Summary

Kolumna: C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm

Runtime: 23 min · Rt: 2 min · λ: 210 nm

Column Selection

Typ: C18 · Wymiary: 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm

C18 daje wystarczającą retencję dla związków hydrofilowych

  • Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18
  • Waters Symmetry C18
  • Phenomenex Luna C18(2)
Mobile Phase

A: Woda + 10mM bufor wodorowęglanu amonu (pH 7, bufor NH4HCO3)

B: Acetonitryl

🔬 Dostępność + substytuty
ℹ️ Single-CAS Integrity: De volgende oplosmiddelen zijn analytische hulpmiddelen (HPLC mobiele fase)NIET de geanalyseerde stof. De waarden die in andere accordeons worden getoond (MW, GHS, toxicologie) hebben betrekking op het huidige molecuul, niet op deze oplosmiddelen. Uitzondering: Single-CAS Integrity (categorie "oplosmiddelen/buffers/analytische methoden").
FaseOplosmiddel / CASStatusActie
AWoda + 10mM bufor wodorowęglanu amonu
CAS 7732-18-5
controleren…
BAcetonitryl
CAS 75-05-8
controleren…
Gradient Program
Time (min)% BFlow
0.005.01.00
2.005.01.00
15.0050.01.00
17.0050.01.00
18.005.01.00
23.005.01.00
Detection Settings

λ primary: 210 nm · reference: 310 nm · bandwidth: 4 nm

Validation Parameters

QC: Resolution ≥2.0 · Tailing ≤1.5 · RSD ≤2%

Uwagi:

  • Predykowany Rt < 3 min — rozważ wolniejszy gradient

Referencje:

  • USP <621> Chromatography
  • ICH Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures
  • Snyder LR, Kirkland JJ, Dolan JW (2010). Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 3rd ed.
Download Method
📊 Validatie van de HPLC-methode (ICH Q2(R1)) PARTIAL

3 of 3 critical metrics need experimental data

Parameter Waarde Eenheid ICH Q2-criterium Status
Lineariteit (R²) geen gegevens unitless R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 voor bioanalytische methoden)
LOD (S/N = 3:1) geen gegevens ng/mL S/N ≥ 3:1 (laagste detecteerbare concentratie)
LOQ (S/N = 10:1) geen gegevens ng/mL S/N ≥ 10:1 (LOQ ≥ 3×LOD doorgaans)
Precisie (RSD intraday, n=6) geen gegevens % RSD RSD ≤ 2% (intraday) / ≤ 3% (interday) voor de API
Juistheid (recovery, 3 niveaus) geen gegevens % (target 100±2%) Recovery 98-102% (target 100%)
Lineariteitsbereik geen gegevens bijv. 0.1-100 ng/mL Min. 80-120% van de nominale concentratie
Selectiviteit/Specificiteit geen gegevens qualitative Geen interferentie — analytpiek volledig gescheiden (Rs ≥ 2.0)
Robuustheid (robustness) geen gegevens RSD < 2% bij ±5% variatie RSD < 2% bij kleine parametervariaties
Legend: ✓ PASS ⚠ CAUTION ✗ FAIL — NO_DATA
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te klappen

Standaarden voor validatie van analytische methoden — 4 onafhankelijke bronnen (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).

  1. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
  2. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
  3. AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
  5. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
  7. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
  10. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
  11. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.

· ⚠ Regelgevende waarschuwingen SVHC/REACH ↑

🔧 HPLC-troubleshooting — beslissingsboom 6 veelvoorkomende problemen

Diagnostiek van de 6 meest voorkomende HPLC-problemen met een beslissingsboom (5 stappen per probleem). Bron: Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.

Verbrede pieken (broad peaks) medium

Symptoom: Alle pieken op het chromatogram zijn breder dan verwacht (FWHM > 2× normaal)

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Controleer of alle pieken verbreed zijn of slechts sommige
    → JA: Alle → instrumenteel probleem (kolom of systeem)
    → NEE: Slechts sommige → chemisch probleem (interactie met de kolom voor specifieke analyten)
  2. 2. Verwissel met een testkolom — verdwijnt het probleem?
    → JA: KOLOM versleten — packing beschadigd, void in de eerste mm. Vervang hem.
    → NEE: Probleem in het LC-systeem
  3. 3. Controleer het dode volume (dead volume) — injectielus, verbindingen, detector
    → JA: Lus > 100 µL voor een 4.6 mm kolom of losse verbindingen → vervang de ferrules, kort de leidingen in
    → NEE: Diagnostiek voortzetten
  4. 4. Temperatuurtest: verhoog de kolom van 25°C naar 40°C
    → JA: Smallere pieken → massatransferkinetiek te traag (verhoog T)
    → NEE: Continue
  5. 5. Controleer het debiet t.o.v. het van Deemter-optimum voor deze kolom
    → JA: Optimum voor 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, voor 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Kolom versleten (>2000 injecties zonder voorkolom)
  • Dood volume van het systeem > 100 µL (verkeerde lus, lange leidingen, losse ferrules)
  • Temperatuur te laag (massatransferkinetiek)
  • Debiet buiten het van Deemter-optimum
  • Monsteroplosmiddel sterker dan mobiele fase A
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Vervang de kolom (bij >2000 injecties)
  • ✓ Controleer alle verbindingen — houd de leidingen zo kort mogelijk
  • ✓ Verhoog de kolomtemperatuur naar 40°C (als de stof stabiel is)
  • ✓ Verlaag het debiet naar het van Deemter-optimum
  • ✓ Los het monster op in mobiele fase A (niet in puur organisch)
Piektailing (tailing, T > 1.5) high

Symptoom: Pieken hebben een verlengde "staart" aan de late-elutiezijde (asymmetrie T = b/a > 1.5 volgens USP)

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Bevat de stof basische groepen (amino, pyridine)?
    → JA: Ja → silanolinteracties! Voeg 0.1% TFA of 5-10 mM TEA toe aan mobiele fase A.
    → NEE: Continue
  2. 2. Controleer de pH van de mobiele fase t.o.v. de pKa van de stof
    → JA: pH = pKa ± 1 → gedeeltelijke ionisatie, peak split. Verplaats de pH ≥ 2 eenheden weg van de pKa.
    → NEE: Continue
  3. 3. Controleer de leeftijd van de kolom (>1500 injecties?)
    → JA: Ja → blootgelegde silanolen (column bleed). Vervang door een kolom met hogere endcapping (XTerra, Symmetry).
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Bevat het monster metalen (Fe, Cu uit glazen flesjes)?
    → JA: Ja → gebruik kleurloze type II-flesjes of PFA. Voeg 0.1mM EDTA toe aan het monster.
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Silanolinteracties (basische analyt + vrije silanolen van silicagel)
  • pH op de grens van de pKa van de analyt (peak split)
  • Oude kolom (column bleed, hoge silanolactiviteit)
  • Metalen in het monster (chelatie → tailing)
  • Kolomoverbelasting (>50 µg op een 4.6mm kolom)
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Voeg 0.1% TFA (UV) of 0.1% mierenzuur (LC-MS) toe aan mobiele fase A
  • ✓ Kies een kolom met hoogzuivere endcapping: Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
  • ✓ Werk bij een pH ≥ 2 eenheden weg van de pKa
  • ✓ 0.1mM EDTA aan het monster (Fe/Cu-chelatie)
  • ✓ Verlaag het injectievolume naar ≤ 20 µL voor een 4.6mm kolom
Basislijndrift (baseline drift) medium

Symptoom: De basislijn stijgt of daalt systematisch gedurende >5 minuten

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Gebruik je een gradiënt (B% neemt toe)?
    → JA: Ja → verschillende absorptie van fasen A vs B bij dλ. Oplosmiddelwisseling in de UV-cutoff. Controleer de UV-absorptie van het % organisch.
    → NEE: Verder (isocratisch)
  2. 2. Controleer de kolomtemperatuur — is deze stabiel tot ±0.5°C?
    → JA: Ja (stabiel) → verder
    → NEE: Instabiel → schakel de kolomthermostaat in (>25°C gecontroleerd)
  3. 3. Test: schakel de autosampler uit, laat alleen pomp+kolom+detector draaien
    → JA: De drift verdwijnt → contaminatie van de autosampler (reinig de naald, het septum)
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Controleer de leeftijd van de lamp (D2 voor UV)
    → JA: Ja (>1500 uur) → vervang de lamp
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Gradiëntelutie met verschillende UV-cutoff van de fasen
  • Instabiele kolomtemperatuur
  • Autosampler-contaminatie van de naald/septum
  • UV-lamp oud (>1500h)
  • Detector-flowcel vervuild
  • Kolom niet geëquilibreerd (<10 kolomvolumes)
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Kolom voor-equilibreren gedurende 10-15 kolomvolumes bij 100% A
  • ✓ Kolomthermostaat aan, T 30-40°C stabiel
  • ✓ Reinig de detector-flowcel met een 50:50 ACN:H2O-oplossing
  • ✓ Vervang de D2-lamp indien >1500h
  • ✓ Gebruik baseline subtraction (Chromeleon, native Empower-functie)
Geen piek / verloren piek (no peak) critical

Symptoom: De verwachte analytpiek verschijnt niet op het chromatogram

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Heeft de injectie daadwerkelijk plaatsgevonden?
    → JA: Controleer het autosampler-log, de pompdruk (moet dalen tijdens de injectie)
    → NEE: Autosampler-probleem → controleer de loop, de naald, het monster in de vial
  2. 2. Zit het monster in de vial (correct volume, niet verdampt)?
    → JA: Continue
    → NEE: Geen monster — opnieuw pipetteren
  3. 3. Monsterstabiliteit — >24h geleden bereid?
    → JA: Ja → degradatie. Bereid een vers monster opnieuw.
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Controleer de detectiegolflengte t.o.v. de λmax van de stof
    → JA: Detectie bij λ komt NIET overeen met λmax → geen signaal. Scan DAD 200-400nm.
    → NEE: Continue
  5. 5. Test: injecteer een zuivere standaard (van bekende concentratie, vers)
    → JA: De standaard geeft een piek → probleem met het monster (matrix, derivatisering)
    → NEE: Ook geen piek met de standaard → systeemprobleem (kolom, fase, gradiënt)
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Monster niet uit de vial genomen (autosampler-bug)
  • Monster gedegradeerd (>24h pH/temp/licht)
  • Detectie bij de verkeerde golflengte
  • Verkeerde mobiele fase (bijv. vergeten TFA)
  • Kolom omgekeerd / verkeerde stationaire fase
  • De stof elueert op het front (V0) → niet vastgehouden, niet zichtbaar
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Bereid een vers monster opnieuw volgens het exacte protocol
  • ✓ UV-Vis DAD-scan 200-400nm + zoeken naar λmax
  • ✓ Controleer de samenstelling van de mobiele fase — is TFA toegevoegd?
  • ✓ Test de omgekeerde kolomrichting (voorzichtig!)
  • ✓ Voor retentie <1 min — verlaag de % B, MeOH in plaats van ACN
  • ✓ Controleer de verwachte retentietijd in de methodedatabase van de plug-in
Druk te hoog (pressure too high) critical

Symptoom: Pompdruk > 80% van het kolommaximum of systeem-shutdown met high-pressure error

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Controleer of de kolom correct is aangesloten (richting van de pijl)
    → JA: OK
    → NEE: Kolom omgekeerd → draai om (nooit "achterstevoren" gebruiken)
  2. 2. Test: verwijder de kolom uit het systeem, laat alleen pomp+detector draaien
    → JA: Druk daalt naar <50 bar → probleem in de kolom (verstopt)
    → NEE: Druk blijft hoog → in-line filter verstopt, frit vervuild
  3. 3. Controleer het pre-kolomfilter (in-line frit)
    → JA: Vervuild en bruin → vervangen
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Spoel de kolom terug met 50:50 ACN:H2O zonder de kolom — verdwijnt het?
    → JA: Deeltjes vast in de eerste mm — een flush van 30 min kan het herstellen
    → NEE: Vervang de kolom
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • In-line filter (frit) verstopt met deeltjes
  • Buffer salting-out (precipitatie bij hoog %B)
  • Monster bevat zwevende deeltjes (filtreer 0.22 µm vóór injectie)
  • Kolom verstopt (column bed compaction)
  • Gradiënt met bufferfase + veel organisch → zoutprecipitatie
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Filtreer het monster ALTIJD door 0.22 µm PVDF vóór injectie
  • ✓ Vervang het in-line filter elke 100 injecties (of wanneer de druk >20% stijgt)
  • ✓ Gebruik GEEN >20mM fosfaatbuffer + >70% ACN (het zout slaat neer)
  • ✓ Spoel de kolom 30 min met 50:50 ACN:H2O in de omgekeerde richting (wanneer de fabrikant dit toestaat)
  • ✓ Pre-kolom 4×3mm ter bescherming van de hoofdkolom
Spookpieken (ghost peaks) high

Symptoom: Onverklaarde pieken op het chromatogram die afwezig zijn in de kalibratie

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Test: blanco injectie (zuiver monsteroplosmiddel)
    → JA: Er verschijnt een spookpiek → contaminatie van het systeem of de eluenten
    → NEE: Verschijnt alleen bij het monster → matrix
  2. 2. Groeit de spookpiek met de gradiënt (elueert bij hoog %B)?
    → JA: Ja → overladen kolom of sterk vastgehouden uit een vorige run
    → NEE: Onafhankelijk van de gradiënt → autosampler carryover
  3. 3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
    → JA: Helpt → carryover was de oorzaak. Sterker wasprotocol.
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Injectie van zuiver water — is er een piek?
    → JA: Ja → contaminatie van de waterbron (organische stoffen uit het DI-systeem)
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Carryover in de autosampler-naald/loop
  • Contaminatie van het eluens (zelfs HPLC-grade)
  • Sterk vastgehouden componenten uit vorige runs
  • Plastic in de vials (ftalaten, PEG uit de doppen)
  • DI-water onvoldoende gezuiverd
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Versterk het wasprotocol: 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cycli)
  • ✓ Sterke was: 100% DMSO of 100% MeOH vóór de kalibratie
  • ✓ Filtreer de eluenten door 0.22 µm PTFE bij twijfel
  • ✓ Gebruik amberkleurig glas + doppen met Teflon-coating voor monsters
  • ✓ Periodieke gradiëntramp naar 100% B gedurende 10 min (clean-out)
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te klappen
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
  2. Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
  3. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
  4. Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
  7. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
  9. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
  10. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
🧪 Oplosbaarheid en compatibiliteit met oplosmiddelen MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecuul
D-Glucose
Formule
C6H12O6
logP (XLogP3)
-2.60
Massa (g/mol)
180.16
Polariteit
Hydrofiel (polair)

⚠️ HSP-schatting (literatuur / group contribution). Indicatieve gegevens — vervangen geen experimenteel onderzoek.

Ra < R₀ = dobra mieszalność · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = graniczna · powyżej = słaba (R₀ — promień sfery Hansena tej molekuły) Dla tej molekuły R₀ = 20.

Oplosmiddel Compat. Ra Visueel GC-MS HPLC Toepassingen Referenties
Water (H₂O)910 g/L (pomiar)16.1
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercelkweekanalytischextractie (hydrofiel)
Ethanol (EtOH)+ Goed15.1
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractiespectroscopie (UV-Vis)syntheseHPLC-modifier
Methanol (MeOH)+ Goed13.3
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone~ Gem.25.2
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacekristallisatieontvettingsynthese
Acetonitrile (ACN)~ Gem.26.0
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC-eluens (gouden standaard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)peptideanalyse
DMSO~ Gem.20.0
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)celbiologie (cryopreservatie)medicijnafgiftesynthese
THF~ Gem.24.6
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymeeranalyse)Grignard-syntheseorganometaalverbindingen
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)~ Gem.25.4
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractieNP-HPLCGC-MSkristallisatie (antisolvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)~ Gem.27.2
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipide-extractie (Folch-methode)NP-TLC
Hexane− Slecht34.9
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLColie-extractie (lipiden)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Slecht31.1
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)syntheseDean-Stark azeotrope droging
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties voor oplosmiddelen (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te vouwen

11 oplosmiddelen · 54 volledige citaties (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — hieronder.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Oplosbaarheidstheorie (toegepast bij de voorspelling van compatibiliteit):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-formule.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Volledige tabellarische set van 250+ oplosmiddelen (ε, μ, doniciteit, acceptorgetallen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 50-99-7 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Volledige bibliografie in het accordeon REFERENTIES (onderaan de pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🧮 Laboratoriumcalculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdunning (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molariteit (M=n/V)
pH-buffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Mol
Concentratie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatuur C↔F↔K

Geverifieerde formules: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopische spectradatabases MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generator van laboratoriumprotocollen MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocol gegenereerd op basis van: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Etikettengenerator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
D-(+)-glucose• D-Glucopyranose / glucose• CAS: 50-99-7• Formule: C6H12O6• Massa: 180.16 g/molDH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.Batchnr.: Nettogewicht: Prod.:
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
ADMET-voorspellingen worden geladen…
Stabiliteits- & houdbaarheidsadviseur Arrhenius
Methodologie: Arrhenius equation k = A·exp(-Ea/RT). Citeren: Connors KA et al. 1986 · ICH Q1A(R2)

Voer de bewaaromstandigheden in → het Arrhenius-algoritme voorspelt de resterende concentratie, de halveringstijd en een gebruiksaanbeveling.

Visuele tekenen van afbraak:
  • Browning = Maillard
❄️ Bewaaraanbevelingen
Temperature:
15-25°C, dry
Container:
HDPE, desiccant
Incompatible:
Strong oxidizers, amines (Maillard)
🧪 Assistent voor bereiding van oplossingen (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Voer in wat u wilt bereiden — ik genereer een SOP

Voorbeelden hieronder — klik om in te voegen:
Voorgedefinieerde recepten:
📚 Overzicht van de wetenschappelijke literatuur — CAS 50-99-7MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Belangrijkste bevindingen (wetenschappelijke literatuur) 6 publicaties
🏆 CAS 50-99-7 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citaties · 20% recentheid · 20% onderwerp · 15% historisch · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Wang, J. (2007) · Chemical Reviews
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · grote impact (4800 citaties) · overzichtsartikel
    SCORE 13.29 Overzicht MUST-CITE Citaties: 4800 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Trinder, P. (1962) · Journal of Clinical Pathology
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · grote impact (2400 citaties) · historisch artikel (1962)
    SCORE 13.19 Analytiek MUST-CITE Citaties: 2400 DOI ↗
  3. #3
    The role of glucose-1-phosphate in glycogenolysis
    Cori, C.F.; Cori, G.T. (historical review by Sutherland) (2007) · Annual Review of Biochemistry (historical)
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 640 citaties
    SCORE 10.22 Mechanisme MUST-CITE Citaties: 640
  4. #4
    BeMiller, J.N.; Whistler, R.L. (eds.) (2009) · Academic Press
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 380 citaties
    SCORE 8.54 Industrie MUST-CITE Citaties: 380 DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Lachiondo-Ortega S, González-Recio I, Bravo M et al. (2026) · Molecular metabolism
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Farmacologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Kaur D, Chakrabarty S, Witzler C et al. (2026) · JCI insight
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
📈 HPLC-gradiënt — optimalisator (LSS) SJABLOON

Gradiënt gebaseerd op PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, hfdst. 9).

  • Kolom: C18
  • Buffer: phosphate
  • Debiet: 1 mL/min
  • logP: -2.6 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Ramp: 5% → 95% B, 10 min
  • Totale analysetijd: 23 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Opmerking
0 95 5 1 start (evenwicht)
2 95 5 1 einde van de initiële hold
12 5 95 1 einde van de LSS-ramp
17 5 95 1 kolomspoeling
18 95 5 1 terug naar init
23 95 5 1 her-equilibratie
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/50-99-7

📐 HPLC-pieksymmetriecalculator (USP Tf / As)

Bereken de USP-tailingfactor (Tf) en de asymmetrie (As) uit de piekhalfbreedtes. Voer a (linker halfbreedte) en b (rechter halfbreedte) in, gemeten op 5% of 10% van de piekhoogte.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calculator voor resolutie en schotelgetal (Rs, N, H)

Bereken de resolutie Rs, het aantal theoretische schotels N en de HETP (H) voor een paar HPLC-pieken. Voer de retentietijden, piekbreedtes (op 50% of aan de basis) en de kolomlengte in.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
🧪 System Suitability — live calculator (USP <621>)

Voer gegevens van 5-6 injecties in (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — de calculator berekent %RSD, gemiddelden en controleert de conformiteit met USP <621>. Je kunt CSV plakken (door komma's gescheiden) of afzonderlijke waarden bewerken.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
☣️ Toxiciteit (LD50 / LC50) Niet ingedeeldMolGod_LD50_1
LD50
25800 mg/kg[1]
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Practically nontoxic[2][3]
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

Bron: RTECS LZ6600000 (1980). CAS 50-99-7.

LD50/LC50-gegevens zijn uitsluitend indicatief; zij vervangen niet het veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS) noch een deskundige toxicologische beoordeling. GHS-classificatie voor de orale route (mg/kg bw) volgens UN GHS, 10e rev. 2023, Annex 1 §3.1.1.

Bibliografie (Chicago)
  1. NIOSH. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). Cincinnati: NIOSH.
  2. United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  3. Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
Dalsze źródła (metodyka, nie cytowane bezpośrednio):
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (per kryteria klasyfikacji rakotwórczości IARC Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
🧪 Klassieke syntheseroutes1 historyczna trasaMolGod_SYNTH_2

Historisch geverifieerde syntheseroutes. Citaten in Chicago author-date-stijl.

Route 1: Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch (alpha-amylase) (2009)
Uitgangsstoffen: Corn / wheat starch; alpha-amylase (Bacillus licheniformis) + glucoamylase (Aspergillus niger)
Omstandigheden: Liquefaction 95 C pH 6.0; saccharification 60 C pH 4.5, 48 h; chromatographic purification
Opbrengst: 96.0 %
BeMiller, James N., and Roy L. Whistler, eds. 2009. Starch: Chemistry and Technology. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
Algemene bibliografie (Chicago):
  • March, Jerry, and Michael B. Smith. 2020. "March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure." 8th ed. Wiley.
  • Carey, Francis A., and Richard J. Sundberg. 2007. "Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reactions and Synthesis." 5th ed. Springer.
  • Corey, E. J., and Xue-Min Cheng. 1995. "The Logic of Chemical Synthesis." Wiley.
  • Greene, Theodora W., and Peter G. M. Wuts. 2014. "Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis." 5th ed. Wiley.
  • Smith, Michael B. 2020. "Organic Synthesis." 4th ed. Academic Press.
  • Carey, Francis A., and Richard J. Sundberg. 2007. "Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A: Structure and Mechanisms." 5th ed. New York: Springer.
  • Anslyn, Eric V., and Dennis A. Dougherty. 2006. Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books.
  • Bretherick, Leslie. 1990. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. London: Butterworths.
  • Urben, Peter, ed. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 8th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Yoshida, Tadao, Yusaku Iwata, Hiroshi Itoh, and Mitsuru Arai. 2009. Safe Storage of Reactive Chemicals. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Mortimer, Charles E. 2005. Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Engel, Thomas, and Philip Reid. 2013. Physical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson.
  • Steinfeld, Jeffrey I., Joseph S. Francisco, and William L. Hase. 1998. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Houston, Paul L. 2001. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Eyring, Henry. 1935. "The Activated Complex in Chemical Reactions." Journal of Chemical Physics 3 (2): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1749604.
  • Kresge, A. Jerry. 2001. "Reaction kinetics in 100-year-old laboratories." Chemical Society Reviews 30 (4): 197–200. https://doi.org/10.1039/B100445F.
  • Brönsted, J. N. 1929. "Acid and Basic Catalysis." Chemical Reviews 5 (3): 231–338. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60019a001.
  • Larock, Richard C. 2018. Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mundy, Bradford P., Michael G. Ellerd, and Frank G. Favaloro Jr. 2005. Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Li, Jie Jack. 2014. Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications. 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Kürti, László, and Barbara Czakó. 2005. Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Trost, Barry M., and Ian Fleming, eds. 1991. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis: Selectivity, Strategy, and Efficiency in Modern Organic Chemistry. 9 vols. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Ojima, Iwao, ed. 2010. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Jacobsen, Eric N., Andreas Pfaltz, and Hisashi Yamamoto, eds. 1999. Comprehensive Asymmetric Catalysis. 3 vols. Berlin: Springer.
  • Hartwig, John F. 2010. Organotransition Metal Chemistry: From Bonding to Catalysis. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books.
  • Crabtree, Robert H. 2014. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Negishi, Ei-ichi, ed. 2002. Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis. 2 vols. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  • de Meijere, Armin, and François Diederich, eds. 2004. Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • Berkessel, Albrecht, and Harald Gröger. 2005. Asymmetric Organocatalysis: From Biomimetic Concepts to Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • Dalko, Peter I., ed. 2007. Enantioselective Organocatalysis: Reactions and Experimental Procedures. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • List, Benjamin, Richard A. Lerner, and Carlos F. Barbas III. 2000. "Proline-catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reactions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122 (10): 2395–2396. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja994280y.
  • MacMillan, David W. C. 2008. "The advent and development of organocatalysis." Nature 455 (7211): 304–308. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07367.
  • Noyori, Ryōji. 2002. "Asymmetric catalysis: science and opportunities (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41 (12): 2008–2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<2008::AID-ANIE2008>3.0.CO;2-4.
  • Sharpless, K. Barry. 2002. "Searching for new reactivity (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41 (12): 2024–2032. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<2024::AID-ANIE2024>3.0.CO;2-O.
  • Knowles, William S. 2002. "Asymmetric hydrogenations (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41 (12): 1998–2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<1998::AID-ANIE1998>3.0.CO;2-8.
  • Grubbs, Robert H. 2006. "Olefin-metathesis catalysts for the preparation of molecules and materials (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 (23): 3760–3765. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600680.
  • Schrock, Richard R. 2006. "Multiple metal-carbon bonds for catalytic metathesis reactions (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 (23): 3748–3759. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600085.
  • Suzuki, Akira. 2011. "Cross-coupling reactions of organoboranes: an easy way to construct C-C bonds (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50 (30): 6722–6737. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201101379.
  • Negishi, Ei-ichi. 2011. "Magical power of transition metals: past, present, and future (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50 (30): 6738–6764. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201101380.
  • List, Benjamin, and David W. C. MacMillan. 2022. "Asymmetric organocatalysis (Nobel lecture)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 61 (38): e202205927. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202205927.
  • Bertozzi, Carolyn R., Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless. 2023. "Click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry (Nobel lectures)." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62 (16): e202300332. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202300332.
  • Weissermel, Klaus, and Hans-Jürgen Arpe. 2003. Industrial Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • Wittcoff, Harold A., Bryan G. Reuben, and Jeffrey S. Plotkin. 2013. Industrial Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Appl, Max. 2006. "Ammonia, 2. Production Processes." In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.o02_o11.
  • Thiemann, Michael, Erich Scheibler, and Karl Wilhelm Wiegand. 2000. "Nitric Acid, Nitrous Acid, and Nitrogen Oxides." In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a17_293.
  • Hocking, Martin B. 2005. Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
  • Corey, E. J., and László Kürti. 2010. Enantioselective Chemical Synthesis: Methods, Logic, and Practice. Direct Book Publishing.
  • Nicolaou, K. C., and E. J. Sorensen. 1996. Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods. Weinheim: VCH.
  • Nicolaou, K. C., and Jason S. Chen. 2011. Classics in Total Synthesis III: Further Targets, Strategies, Methods. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • House, Herbert O. 1972. Modern Synthetic Reactions. 2nd ed. Menlo Park, CA: W. A. Benjamin.
  • Organic Syntheses, Inc. 2024. "Organic Syntheses Collective Volumes 1–10 (1932–2004) and Annual Volumes 1–100 (1922–2024)." Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://www.orgsyn.org/.
  • Paquette, Leo A., David Crich, Philip L. Fuchs, Gary A. Molander, and Andre B. Charette, eds. 2009. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (e-EROS). 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/047084289X.
Uitgebreide bibliografie — 4 bronnen (PubMed/CrossRef/EuropePMC)
  • PUBLosev FF; Kulakov AA; Vladimirskaya OS; Abramova ES; Selifanova EI; Fomenkova AE. 2026. "[Comparative assessment of glucose levels in oral fluid, parotid saliva and blood in a healthy group of individuals]." Stomatologiia. https://doi.org/10.17116/stomat202610502139.
  • PUBZhang L; Yang J. 2026. "Inhibition of NTF4 Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation in HTR-8/SVneo Cells via the PI3K/AKT Pathway." Immunity, inflammation and disease. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70460.
  • PUBBononi G; Bertini F; Masoni S; Stefano MD; Mosca R; Felice F. 2026. "Development of Glycoconjugated MAGL Inhibitors with Glucose-Dependent Antiproliferative Activity." International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062666.
  • PUBBoehm-Sturm P; Schuenke P; Foddis M; Mueller S; Koch SP; Beard DJ. 2026. "Measuring cerebral glucose metabolism by chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock (CESL) MRI of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rodents." PloS one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346046.
💎 Kristalvormen / polymorfen 2 formy w bazie MolGod_POLYMORPH_2
Vorm Ruimtegroep Cel (Å, °) Dichtheid (g/cm³) Smp. (°C) CCDC
alpha-D-glucose stabiel P212121 a=10.368 b=14.851 c=4.975 · α=90 β=90 γ=90 · Z=4 1.562 146.0 GLUCSA03 DOI
beta-D-glucose P212121 a=9.205 b=12.639 c=6.657 · α=90 β=90 γ=90 · Z=4 1.544 150.0 GLUCSE02 DOI

Bron: Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) + primaire literatuur. Polymorfie beïnvloedt oplosbaarheid, biobeschikbaarheid en stabiliteit (Brittain 2009; Bernstein 2020).

Uitgebreide bibliografie — 6 bronnen (PubMed/CrossRef/EuropePMC)
  • PUBSu H; Zhang L; Zhang Q; Liu L; Zhai L; Chen X. 2026. "Glucose metabolic reprogramming in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: theoretical foundations and therapeutic implications." Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799232.
  • PUBMenezes-Silva L; Jeong M; Carr C; Schneider RM; Pires S; Codo AC. 2026. "Hormonal rewiring of immunity during dietary restriction ensures host defense and systemic glucose conservation." Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2026.01.003.
  • PUBYang W; Dong P; Li G; Wu H; Li L; Gao M. 2026. "Structural characterization of a glucose-activated β-glucosidase from Bacillus thermoamylovorans." Biochemical and biophysical research communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153261.
  • PUBPei YJ; Sun YJ; Huang YL; Pang DR; Zou QY; Zheng J. 2026. "Flavan derivatives from the fruits of Daemonorops draco Bl. and their protective effects on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced endothelial cell injury." Bioorganic chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109432.
  • PUBShi T; Gao L; Cao R; Cao X; Zou W; Zhang S. 2025. "Anion Insertion Engineering of Photonic Microstructure Enabling Ultrasensitive Glucose Visual Sensing." Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202507673.
  • PUBHa MS; Han CW; Jeong MS; Jang SB. 2025. "Structures of W77F/W212F and W77F/W212F Toxascaris leonine galectin complex with glucose." Carbohydrate research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2025.109657.
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Zhao KS; Bi JC; Bei N; Huang JC; He MR; Yuan CL. 2026. "Neutrophil count and urinary glucose as early predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus in nulliparous women of advanced maternal age: a retrospective cohort study." Frontiers in endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1791755. [tło tematyczne — CAS niezweryfikowany w tej publikacji] [DOI]
  2. Su H; Zhang L; Zhang Q; Liu L; Zhai L; Chen X. 2026. "Glucose metabolic reprogramming in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: theoretical foundations and therapeutic implications." Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799232. [DOI]
  3. Menezes-Silva L; Jeong M; Carr C; Schneider RM; Pires S; Codo AC. 2026. "Hormonal rewiring of immunity during dietary restriction ensures host defense and systemic glucose conservation." Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2026.01.003. [DOI]
  4. Yang W; Dong P; Li G; Wu H; Li L; Gao M. 2026. "Structural characterization of a glucose-activated β-glucosidase from Bacillus thermoamylovorans." Biochemical and biophysical research communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153261. [DOI]
  5. Pei YJ; Sun YJ; Huang YL; Pang DR; Zou QY; Zheng J. 2026. "Flavan derivatives from the fruits of Daemonorops draco Bl. and their protective effects on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced endothelial cell injury." Bioorganic chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109432. [DOI]
  6. Losev FF; Kulakov AA; Vladimirskaya OS; Abramova ES; Selifanova EI; Fomenkova AE. 2026. "[Comparative assessment of glucose levels in oral fluid, parotid saliva and blood in a healthy group of individuals]." Stomatologiia. https://doi.org/10.17116/stomat202610502139. [DOI]
  7. Zhang L; Yang J. 2026. "Inhibition of NTF4 Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation in HTR-8/SVneo Cells via the PI3K/AKT Pathway." Immunity, inflammation and disease. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70460. [DOI]
  8. Bononi G; Bertini F; Masoni S; Stefano MD; Mosca R; Felice F. 2026. "Development of Glycoconjugated MAGL Inhibitors with Glucose-Dependent Antiproliferative Activity." International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062666. [DOI]
  9. Boehm-Sturm P; Schuenke P; Foddis M; Mueller S; Koch SP; Beard DJ. 2026. "Measuring cerebral glucose metabolism by chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock (CESL) MRI of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rodents." PloS one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346046. [DOI]
  10. Shi T; Gao L; Cao R; Cao X; Zou W; Zhang S. 2025. "Anion Insertion Engineering of Photonic Microstructure Enabling Ultrasensitive Glucose Visual Sensing." Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202507673. [DOI]
  11. Ha MS; Han CW; Jeong MS; Jang SB. 2025. "Structures of W77F/W212F and W77F/W212F Toxascaris leonine galectin complex with glucose." Carbohydrate research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2025.109657. [DOI]
  12. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  13. Macrae, Clare F., Ioana Sovago, Simon J. Cottrell, et al. 2020. "Mercury 4.0: from visualization to analysis, design and prediction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53 (1): 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576719014092.
  14. International Conference on Harmonisation. 2017. "ICH Q6A: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances and New Drug Products." Geneva: ICH. https://www.ich.org/page/quality-guidelines.
  15. Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72 (2): 171-179.
  16. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  17. Price, Sarah L. 2014. "Predicting crystal structures of organic compounds." Chemical Society Reviews 43 (7): 2098-2111. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60279F.
  18. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  19. Yu, Lian. 2010. "Polymorphism in molecular solids: an extraordinary system of red, orange, and yellow crystals." Accounts of Chemical Research 43 (9): 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar100040r.
  20. Spek, Anthony L. 2009. "Structure validation in chemical crystallography." Acta Crystallographica D 65 (2): 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1107/S090744490804362X.
  21. Sheldrick, George M. 2008. "A short history of SHELX." Acta Crystallographica A 64 (1): 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108767307043930.
  22. Florence, Alastair J. 2008. "Approaches to high-throughput physical form screening and discovery." In Polymorphism: in the Pharmaceutical Industry, edited by Rolf Hilfiker, 139-184. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  23. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  24. Bond, Andrew D., Roland Boese, and Gautam R. Desiraju. 2007. "On the polymorphism of aspirin: crystalline aspirin as intergrowths of two polymorphic domains." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 (4): 618-622. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200603373.
  25. Hilfiker, Rolf, ed. 2006. Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  26. Singhal, Dharmendra, and William Curatolo. 2004. "Drug Polymorphism and Dosage Form Design: A Practical Perspective." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56 (3): 335-347.
  27. Datta, Sapan, and David J. W. Grant. 2004. "Crystal structures of drugs: advances in determination, prediction and engineering." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 3 (1): 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1280.
  28. Allen, Frank H. 2002. "The Cambridge Structural Database: a quarter of a million crystal structures and rising." Acta Crystallographica B 58 (3): 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108768102003890.
  29. Bauer, Jeffery, Stephen Spanton, Rodger Henry, et al. 2001. "Ritonavir: an extraordinary example of conformational polymorphism." Pharmaceutical Research 18 (6): 859-866. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011052932607.
  30. Vippagunta, Sudha R., Harry G. Brittain, and David J. W. Grant. 2001. "Crystalline solids." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 48 (1): 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00097-7.
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  32. Chemburkar, Sanjay R., Jeffery Bauer, Klaus Deming, et al. 2000. "Dealing with the impact of ritonavir polymorphs on the late stages of bulk drug process development." Organic Process Research & Development 4 (5): 413-417. https://doi.org/10.1021/op000023y.
  33. Davey, Roger J., and John Garside. 2000. From Molecules to Crystallizers: An Introduction to Crystallization. Oxford Chemistry Primer 86. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  34. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2000. "Guidance for Industry — Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances and New Drug Products: Chemical Substances." Silver Spring, MD: FDA. https://www.fda.gov/media/71361/download.
  35. Bernstein, Joel, and Anthony L. Henck. 1998. "Disappearing and Reappearing Polymorphs — An Anathema to Crystal Engineering?" Crystal Engineering 1 (2): 119-125.
  36. Threlfall, Terence L. 1995. "Analysis of organic polymorphs: a review." The Analyst 120 (10): 2435-2460. https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9952002435.
  37. Desiraju, Gautam R. 1995. "Supramolecular synthons in crystal engineering — a new organic synthesis." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 34 (21): 2311-2327. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199523111.
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  40. Etter, Margaret C. 1990. "Encoding and decoding hydrogen-bond patterns of organic compounds." Accounts of Chemical Research 23 (4): 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00172a005.
  41. Burger, Artur, and Rudolf Ramberger. 1979. "On the polymorphism of pharmaceuticals and other molecular crystals. I. Theory of thermodynamic rules." Mikrochimica Acta 72 (3-4): 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01197379.
  42. Haleblian, John, and Walter McCrone. 1969. "Pharmaceutical applications of polymorphism." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 58 (8): 911-929. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600580802.
  43. McCrone, Walter C. 1965. "Polymorphism." In Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid State, edited by David Fox, Mortimer M. Labes, and Arnold Weissberger, vol. 2, 725-767. New York: Interscience.
  44. Ostwald, Wilhelm. 1897. "Studien über die Bildung und Umwandlung fester Körper." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 22: 289-330.
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📚 REFERENTIES (Verzamelde bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 127 items

Alle wetenschappelijke bronnen die in de accordeons hierboven voor CAS 50-99-7 worden geciteerd.Formaat: Chicago Manual of Style 17e ed., Author-Date-systeem.

🗄️ Wetenschappelijke databanken

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 50-99-7. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=50-99-7.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 50-99-7. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 50-99-7. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=50-99-7.
  5. U.S. EPA. n.d. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: CAS 50-99-7. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7022910.

📐 Standaarden / Richtlijnen

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
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  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
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📖 Boeken

  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 105th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  3. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  4. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
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  6. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Wetenschappelijke artikelen (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
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  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
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  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
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  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
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Opis

GLUKOZA DEKSTROZA – 1KG

  • Postać: biały drobnokrystliczny proszek
  • Składniki: 100% Glukozy
  • Przedmiotem wymagań jest glukoza krystaliczna przeznaczona do celów spożywczych. Glukoza krystaliczna (α-D-glukoza) w postaci drobnokrystalicznej jest otrzymywana w wyniku enzymatycznej hydrolizy skrobii.
  • Opakowanie typu „doypack” pozwala na zachowanie długiej świeżości, gdyż można takie opakowanie wielokrotnie otwierać i zamykać
  • Masa netto: 1000 g

Termin ważności i kraj pochodzenia na opakowaniu produktu lub zapytaj sprzedającego poprzez formularz .

Glukoza, zwana także cukrem krwi, jest jednym z najważniejszych cukrów prostych, które stanowią źródło energii dla organizmu. Jest to monosacharyd o wzorze sumarycznym C6H12O6, który wytwarzany jest w procesie fotosyntezy przez rośliny oraz niektóre mikroorganizmy.

W organizmie ludzkim glukoza jest metabolizowana w procesie glikolizy, czyli przemiany chemicznej, która pozwala na uzyskanie energii. Glukoza jest transportowana przez krew do tkanek i komórek, gdzie jest wykorzystywana do produkcji energii, wytwarzania glikogenu, który stanowi zapas energii w organizmie, lub do syntezy innych związków, takich jak kwas mlekowy.

Poziom glukozy we krwi regulowany jest przez hormony takie jak insulinę i glukagon, które są wydzielane przez trzustkę. W przypadku nadmiernego spożycia węglowodanów, organizm magazynuje nadmiar glukozy w postaci glikogenu, który jest magazynowany w wątrobie i mięśniach.

Zastosowanie:

  • przyspiesza fermentację, korzystnie wpływa na bukiet aromatyczny i smak finalnego alkoholu
  • stosowana jest jako środek regulujący słodycz napojów wytwarzanych z udziałem koncentratów soków oraz w produkcji napojów sproszkowanych i gazowanych
  • W przemyśle mięsnym jest składnikiem zalew do szynek.

Przechowywanie: w suchym i ciemnym miejscu w temperaturze pokojowej, w miejscu niedostępnym .

Gwarantujemy, że produkt jest najwyższej jakości !

Glukoza jest powszechnie wykorzystywana w przemyśle spożywczym jako słodzik, zagęszczacz i konserwant. Poniżej przedstawiam kilka przykładów przepisów wykorzystujących glukozę:

Przepis na karmel z glukozą:

  • 200 g cukru
  • 50 g glukozy
  • 100 ml śmietanki 30%
  • szczypta soli

W rondlu o grubym dnie rozgrzej cukier i glukozę, aż się rozpuszczą i zaczną się karmelizować. W międzyczasie podgrzej śmietankę z solą, aż zacznie się gotować. Karmel z cukru i glukozy stopniowo dodawaj do gorącej śmietanki, mieszając cały czas, aż wszystko się połączy. Gotuj na małym ogniu, mieszając przez około 5 minut. Przelej do słoika i pozostaw do wystygnięcia.

Przepis na lizaki z glukozą:

  • 1 szklanka cukru
  • 1/2 szklanki wody
  • 1/4 szklanki glukozy
  • barwniki i aromaty (opcjonalnie)

W rondlu połącz cukier, wodę i glukozę. Podgrzej, mieszając, aż cukier się rozpuści. Gotuj bez mieszania, aż temperatura osiągnie około 150°C. Odstaw z ognia i dodaj barwnik i aromat, mieszając szybko. Wylej na papier do pieczenia, a następnie wsadź patyczek do lizaka. Pozostaw do stężenia i schłodzenia.

Przepis na syrop z glukozą:

  • 1 szklanka cukru
  • 1/2 szklanki wody
  • 1/2 szklanki glukozy

W rondlu połącz cukier, wodę i glukozę. Podgrzewaj mieszając, aż cukier się rozpuści i składniki się połączą. Gotuj na małym ogniu, aż syrop zgęstnieje i osiągnie pożądaną konsystencję. Odstaw z ognia i pozostaw do wystygnięcia. Możesz użyć tego syropu jako dodatek do wypieków, deserów lub napojów.

Nasze produkty pakowane są w solidne, nieprzezroczyste doypacki ze szczelną struną. Takie opakowanie skutecznie chroni zawartość przed wilgocią, światłem i utratą aromatu, a praktyczna struna umożliwia wielokrotne, wygodne zamykanie.

Boswena to polski sklep internetowy ze zdrową żywnością, działający od 2018 roku. Specjalizujemy się w sprzedaży wysokiej jakości produktów, takich jak orzechy, bakalie, oleje spożywcze, przyprawy, produkty superfoods i suplementy. Naszym celem jest dostarczanie Klientom naturalnych i wartościowych produktów w przystępnych cenach.

Każdego dnia dbamy o to, by w Twoje ręce trafiały produkty, które sami chcielibyśmy mieć w swojej kuchni.