Description
Etylen, CAS 74-85-1
ethylene
0,99 €
Etylen, CAS 74-85-1
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Legal substance. dhscientific.com is a demonstration of the MOL-GOD platform — we sell nothing and no orders are fulfilled. Banned substances are blocked here automatically from the regulatory canon (compare e.g. Heptachlor).
Chemical Overview: EthyleneMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
| Molecular formula | C2H4 |
| Molecular weight | 28.05 g/mol |
| Melting point | -169.11 °C |
| Boiling point | -103.72 °C |
| LogP (lipophilicity) | 1.2 |
| IUPAC name | ethene |
| SMILES | C=C |
| InChIKey | VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Synonyms: ETHYLENE · Ethene · Acetene · Elayl · Olefiant gas
Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-11-10
Physicochemical properties
Quick Reference
Formula:
C2H4
MW:
28.05 g/mol
CAS:
74-85-1
Appearance:
Colorless gas
Odour:
Sweet
Odour:
Sweet
Detailed Properties
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melting Point (mp) | -169.11 °C (-272.4 °F) | 1 atm | ||
| Boiling Point (bp) | -103.72 °C (-154.7 °F) | 1 atm | ||
| Flash Point | -100.00 °C (-148 °F) | closed cup | ||
| Water Solubility | 0.131 | g/L | 25 °C (77 °F) |
🔬 Advanced Properties
Chemical Identifiers
SMILES:
C=C Data sources: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)
Last updated: 2026-07-11
📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 74-85-1MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
Physical & Chemical Properties (DB) 6 fields MolGod Score: No source
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melting point | -169.11 | °C | 1 atm | |
| Boiling point | -103.72 | °C | 760 mmHg | |
| Water solubility | 0.131 | g/L | 25°C | |
| Flash point | -100.00 | °C | closed cup | |
| Autoignition temperature | 450.00 | °C | in air | |
| logP (octanol/water) | 1.200 | — | 25°C |
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (12 sources)
- Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
- National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
- Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
- PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
- Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
- Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
- Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
- Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
- Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
- Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
- Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🛡️ Safety — CAS 74-85-1MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.
GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).
⚠️ Danger
🚨 Hazard statements (H)
- H220 — Extremely flammable gas
- H336 — May cause drowsiness or dizziness
🛡 Precautionary statements (P)
- P203 — Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
✓ Harmonised classification pursuant to Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (official, binding classification). Index number: 601-010-00-3.
Reference (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "ethylene, Index No. 601-010-00-3." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
⚠ IARC — Group 3:
not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans (evaluated by IARC).
(Independent assessment of carcinogenicity evidence by IARC/WHO — supplements the CLP classification above.)
Reference (Chicago): IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 74-85-1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
Classification from the local MOL-GOD list (snapshot) — unverified against the current IARC list. Verify
Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.
📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources
References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 74-85-1 ·
PubChem ↗
- Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulations
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
- Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
- UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia
Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.
Analytical statistics (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2
Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).
Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
x̄ = Σxᵢ / n— arithmetic means² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1)— sample variances = √s²— standard deviationRSD% = (s / x̄) × 100%— relative standard deviationCI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n— Student's tG = |xᵢ - x̄| / s— Grubbs' testQ = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin|— Dixon Q-test
Source: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗
🔧 HPLC troubleshooting — decision tree 6 common problems
Diagnostics for the 12 most common HPLC problems with a decision tree (5 steps per problem). Source: Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.
Broad peaks medium
Symptom: All peaks on the chromatogram are wider than expected (FWHM > 2× normal)
🔍 Diagnostic tree:
-
1. Check whether all peaks are broadened or only some
→ YES: All → instrumental problem (column or system)
→ NO: Only some → chemistry problem (interaction with the column for specific analytes) -
2. Swap in a test column — does the problem disappear?
→ YES: COLUMN worn out — packing damaged, void in the first few mm. Replace it.
→ NO: Problem in the LC system -
3. Check the dead volume — injection loop, connections, detector
→ YES: Loop > 100 µL for a 4.6 mm column or loose connections → replace ferrules, shorten tubing
→ NO: Continue diagnostics -
4. Temperature test: raise the column from 25°C to 40°C
→ YES: Narrower peaks → mass-transfer kinetics too slow (increase T)
→ NO: Continue -
5. Check flow rate vs the optimal van Deemter value for this column
→ YES: Optimum for 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, for 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
→ NO: Continue
⚠️ Common causes:
- Column worn out (>2000 injections without a guard)
- System dead volume > 100 µL (wrong loop, long tubing, loose ferrules)
- Temperature too low (mass-transfer kinetics)
- Flow rate outside the van Deemter optimum
- Sample solvent stronger than mobile phase A
✓ Fixes:
- ✓ Replace the column (when >2000 injections)
- ✓ Check all connections — keep tubing as short as possible
- ✓ Increase column T to 40°C (if the substance is stable)
- ✓ Reduce flow to the van Deemter optimum
- ✓ Dissolve the sample in mobile phase A (not in pure organic)
Peak tailing (T > 1.5) high
Symptom: Peaks have an extended "tail" on the late-elution side (asymmetry T = b/a > 1.5 per USP)
🔍 Diagnostic tree:
-
1. Does the substance contain basic groups (amino, pyridine)?
→ YES: Yes → silanol interactions! Add 0.1% TFA or 5-10 mM TEA to mobile phase A.
→ NO: Continue -
2. Check the mobile-phase pH vs the substance pKa
→ YES: pH = pKa ± 1 → partial ionization, peak split. Move pH ≥ 2 units away from pKa.
→ NO: Continue -
3. Check the column age (>1500 injections?)
→ YES: Yes → exposed silanols (column bleed). Replace with a column with higher endcapping (XTerra, Symmetry).
→ NO: Continue -
4. Does the sample contain metals (Fe, Cu from glass vials)?
→ YES: Yes → use type II clear vials or PFA. Add 0.1mM EDTA to the sample.
→ NO: Continue
⚠️ Common causes:
- Silanol interactions (basic analyte + silica gel free silanols)
- pH at the boundary of the analyte pKa (peak split)
- Old column (column bleed, high silanol activity)
- Metals in the sample (chelation → tailing)
- Column overload (>50 µg on a 4.6mm column)
✓ Fixes:
- ✓ Add 0.1% TFA (UV) or 0.1% formic acid (LC-MS) to mobile phase A
- ✓ Choose a column with high-purity endcapping: Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
- ✓ Work at pH ≥ 2 units away from pKa
- ✓ Add 0.1mM EDTA to the sample (Fe/Cu chelation)
- ✓ Reduce the injection volume to ≤ 20 µL for a 4.6mm column
Baseline drift medium
Symptom: The baseline rises or falls systematically for >5 minutes
🔍 Diagnostic tree:
-
1. Are you running a gradient (B% increasing)?
→ YES: Yes → different absorption of phases A vs B at dλ. Solvent change in UV cutoff. Check the % organic UV absorbance.
→ NO: Continue (isocratic) -
2. Check the column temperature — is it stable to ±0.5°C?
→ YES: Yes (stable) → continue
→ NO: Unstable → turn on the column thermostat (>25°C controlled) -
3. Test: turn off the autosampler, run pump+column+detector alone
→ YES: Drift disappears → autosampler contamination (clean the needle, septum)
→ NO: Continue -
4. Check the lamp age (D2 for UV)
→ YES: Yes (>1500 hours) → replace the lamp
→ NO: Continue
⚠️ Common causes:
- Gradient elution with different UV cutoff of the phases
- Unstable column T
- Autosampler contamination of the needle/septum
- Old UV lamp (>1500h)
- Detector flow cell fouled
- Column not equilibrated (<10 column volumes)
✓ Fixes:
- ✓ Pre-equilibrate the column for 10-15 column volumes at 100% A
- ✓ Column thermostat on, T 30-40°C stable
- ✓ Clean the detector flow cell with 50:50 ACN:H2O
- ✓ Replace the D2 lamp if >1500h
- ✓ Use baseline subtraction (Chromeleon, Empower native function)
No peak / lost peak critical
Symptom: The expected analyte peak does not appear on the chromatogram
🔍 Diagnostic tree:
-
1. Did the injection actually take place?
→ YES: Check the autosampler log, pump pressure (should drop during injection)
→ NO: Autosampler problem → check the loop, needle, sample in the vial -
2. Is the sample in the vial (correct volume, not evaporated)?
→ YES: Continue
→ NO: No sample — re-pipette -
3. Sample stability — prepared >24h ago?
→ YES: Yes → degradation. Re-prepare a fresh sample.
→ NO: Continue -
4. Check the detection wavelength vs the substance λmax
→ YES: Detection at λ does NOT match λmax → no signal. Scan DAD 200-400nm.
→ NO: Continue -
5. Test: inject a pure standard (of known concentration, fresh)
→ YES: The standard gives a peak → problem with the sample (matrix, derivatization)
→ NO: No peak even with the standard → system problem (column, phase, gradient)
⚠️ Common causes:
- Sample not drawn from the vial (autosampler bug)
- Sample degraded (>24h pH/temp/light)
- Detection at the wrong wavelength
- Wrong mobile phase (e.g. forgotten TFA)
- Column reversed / wrong stationary phase
- Substance elutes at the front (V0) → unretained, not visible
✓ Fixes:
- ✓ Re-prepare a fresh sample per the exact protocol
- ✓ UV-Vis DAD scan 200-400nm + search for λmax
- ✓ Check the mobile-phase composition — was TFA added?
- ✓ Test the reverse column direction (carefully!)
- ✓ For retention <1 min — lower the % B, MeOH instead of ACN
- ✓ Check the "expected_rt" table in wp_molgod_hplc_methods
Pressure too high critical
Symptom: Pump pressure > 80% of the column max or system shutdown with a high-pressure error
🔍 Diagnostic tree:
-
1. Check that the column is connected correctly (arrow direction)
→ YES: OK
→ NO: Column reversed → flip it (never run it "backwards") -
2. Test: remove the column from the system, run pump+detector alone
→ YES: Pressure drops to <50 bar → problem in the column (clogged)
→ NO: Pressure stays high → in-line filter clogged, frit fouled -
3. Check the pre-column filter (in-line frit)
→ YES: Fouled and brown → replace it
→ NO: Continue -
4. Back-flush the column with 50:50 ACN:H2O without the column — does it disappear?
→ YES: Particles stuck in the first mm — a 30 min flush may recover it
→ NO: Replace the column
⚠️ Common causes:
- In-line filter (frit) clogged with particles
- Buffer salting out (precipitation at high %B)
- Sample contains suspended matter (filter 0.22 µm before injection)
- Column clogged (column bed compaction)
- Gradient with a buffer phase + high organic → salt precipitation
✓ Fixes:
- ✓ ALWAYS filter the sample through 0.22 µm PVDF before injection
- ✓ Replace the in-line filter every 100 injections (or when pressure rises >20%)
- ✓ Do NOT use >20mM phosphate buffer + >70% ACN (the salt precipitates)
- ✓ Flush the column for 30 min with 50:50 ACN:H2O in the reverse direction (when the manufacturer allows it)
- ✓ Pre-column 4×3mm to protect the main column
Ghost peaks high
Symptom: Unexplained peaks on the chromatogram absent from the calibration
🔍 Diagnostic tree:
-
1. Test: blank injection (pure sample solvent)
→ YES: A ghost appears → contamination of the system or eluents
→ NO: Appears only with the sample → matrix -
2. Does the ghost grow with the gradient (elutes at high %B)?
→ YES: Yes → overloaded column or strong-retained from a previous run
→ NO: Independent of the gradient → autosampler carryover -
3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
→ YES: Helps → carryover was to blame. Use a stronger wash protocol.
→ NO: Continue -
4. Pure water injection — is there a peak?
→ YES: Yes → contamination of the water source (organics from the DI system)
→ NO: Continue
⚠️ Common causes:
- Carryover in the autosampler needle/loop
- Eluent contamination (even HPLC-grade)
- Strong-retained components from previous runs
- Plastic in the vials (phthalates, PEG from the caps)
- Insufficiently purified DI water
✓ Fixes:
- ✓ Strengthen the wash protocol: 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cycles)
- ✓ Strong wash: 100% DMSO or 100% MeOH before calibration
- ✓ Filter the eluents through 0.22 µm PTFE if in doubt
- ✓ Use amber glass + Teflon-lined caps for samples
- ✓ Periodic gradient ramp to 100% B for 10 min (clean-out)
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
- Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
- Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
- Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
- Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
- Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
- Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
- Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
- Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
- Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
- Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
- Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations. 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
- Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
- Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography. 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
Historical Incidents (CSB/EPA/Bretherick)
This database contains only serious industrial and laboratory incidents (CSB, EPA RMP, Bretherick). The absence of a record does NOT mean the substance is safe — the database is incomplete.
Historical Incidents (1)
-
1989-10-23 Pasadena, Texas, USA (Phillips 66 Houston Chemical Complex, HCC) Catastrophic explosion Substances: Ethylene (high-pressure HDPE feed) (CAS 74-85-1) + Oxygen / atmospheric air ingress (CAS 7782-44-7)23 fatalities 314 injuredPodczas konserwacji reaktora HDPE settling leg (rurociag 22") doszlo do otwarcia zaworu DEMCO w trakcie procedury maintenance. Uwolnienie ~38 ton mieszaniny etylen/izobutan/wodor stworzylo chmure gazowo-powietrzna, ktora zaplonila po ~90 sekundach (zrodlo nieustalone definitywnie). VCE o sile 2.4 ton TNT, zniszczyl HDPE complex.
Root cause: Single-block valve zamiast double-block-and-bleed. Procedury LO/TO niewlasciwe (compressed air zasilajacy aktuatory zaworow podlaczony do "open" zamiast "close" portow). Brak gas detection w okolicy reactora. Unauthorized work przy non-routine maintenance.Lessons learned: Double-block-and-bleed valve standard dla high-pressure reactor isolation. Kierunek pneumatic actuators musi byc fail-safe. OSHA PSM standard 29 CFR 1910.119 (1992) jest bezposrednim wynikiem tego incydentu.Primary source: OSHA + Phillips 66 + peer-reviewed Process Safety literatureBibliography (Chicago author-date)
- U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 1990. The Phillips 66 Company Houston Chemical Complex Explosion and Fire. Washington, DC: OSHA.
- Atherton, John, and Frederic Gil. 2008. Incidents That Define Process Safety. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-AIChE.
- Khan, Faisal I., and S. A. Abbasi. 1999. "Major Accidents in Process Industries and an Analysis of Causes and Consequences." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 12 (5): 361-378.
📚 Incident data sources
- U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). 2024. "CSB Incident Investigation Reports." Washington, DC: CSB. 🔗
- U.S. EPA / NOAA. 2024. "CAMEO Chemicals Database." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
- BARPI (French Bureau for Analysis of Industrial Risks and Pollutions). 2024. "ARIA Database of Industrial Accident Reports." Saint-Denis: BARPI/DGPR. 🔗
- U.S. OSHA. 2024. "OSHA Accident Investigation Reports." Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 🔗
- Urben, Peter G., ed. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 8th ed. Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-100971-2.
- Mannan, Sam, ed. 2005. Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7506-7555-0.
- Hollnagel, Erik. 2004. Barriers and Accident Prevention. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-2271-9.
- Kletz, Trevor A. 2003. "Lessons from Disasters — How Organizations Have No Memory and Accidents Recur." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81 (4): 283–287. 🔗
📚 Scientific literature overview — CAS 74-85-1MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Key findings (scientific literature) 11 publications
🏆 CAS
74-85-1
— multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
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#1Marcin Krynski (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)Why it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
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#2Zhang X, Tao J, Huang Y et al. (2026) · Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue baoWhy it matters: Recent (2026) · review · open access
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#3Zhang J, Liu Z, Farrar EJ et al. (2026) · NatureWhy it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
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#4Chatterjee S, Rankin JA, Farrugia MA et al. (2025) · BiochemistryWhy it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
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#5Wang R, Bowerman AF, Chen Y et al. (2025) · Journal of experimental botanyWhy it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
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#6Zhao ZA, Li YR, Lei T et al. (2025) · Scientific reportsWhy it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
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#7He K, Xu L, He Q et al. (2024) · Journal of integrative plant biologyWhy it matters: Recent (2024) · open access
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#8Irfan M, Kumar P, Datta A (2025) · Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)Why it matters: Recent (2025)
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#9Dong Y, Ma H, Shen Y et al. (2025) · The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biologyWhy it matters: Recent (2025)
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#10Guo Y, Gong J, Hu R et al. (2025) · The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biologyWhy it matters: Recent (2025)
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#11Shukla D (2025) · Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)Why it matters: Recent (2025)
Related products
📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 107 items
All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 74-85-1. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.
🗄️ Scientific databases
- NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 74-85-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=74-85-1. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 74-85-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 74-85-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=74-85-1. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
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📐 Standards / Guidelines
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- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
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📖 Books
- Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
- Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
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- Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.
📘 Monographs
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📄 Scientific articles (peer-reviewed)
- Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
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