neon — etichetta CAS 7440-01-9

neon

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Neon, CAS 7440-01-9

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Category:
🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D
Caricamento molecola...
Modello 3D Neon, CAS 7440-01-9, formula molecolare Ne, massa molare 20.180 g/mol
Panoramica chimica: NeonMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formula molecolareNe
Peso molecolare20.180 g/mol
Punto di fusione-248.67 °C
Punto di ebollizione-246.05 °C
SMILES[Ne]
InChIKeyGKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Sinonimi: NEON · 7440-01-9 · Neon ion beam · Neon, Elemental · 4VB4Y46AHD

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-11-10

📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: Ne
MW: 20.18 g/mol
CAS: 7440-01-9

Proprietà dettagliate

Proprietà Valore Unità Conditions Source
Punto di fusione (mp) -248.67 °C (-415.6 °F) 1 atm PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Punto di ebollizione (bp) -246.05 °C (-410.9 °F) 1 atm PubChem PUG-View (2026)
🔬 Proprietà avanzate

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: [Ne]

Fonti dei dati: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-07-11

Stato normativo della sostanza
Nessuna voce per questo CAS negli elenchi di restrizioni consultati (lista di candidati SVHC, REACH Allegato XVII; insiemi di dati incompleti - questa non è una conferma di conformità). Classificazione CLP e stato di trasporto (ADR): vedere la sezione GHS e la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS).
🧮 Calcolatore stechiometricoMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Identificatori esterniMolGod_EXTID_1
11 su 16 sistemi ID69%
DatabaseIdentificatoreAzioni
CAS Registry Number7440-01-9Apri →
PubChem CID23935Apri →
InChIKeyGKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-NApri →
InChIInChI=1S/Ne
SMILES[Ne]
EC Number231-110-9Apri →
DrugBankDB11589Apri →
ChemSpider22377Apri →
MeSH UID (NLM)D009356Apri →
UNII (FDA)4VB4Y46AHDApri →
WikiData QIDQ654Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

⚛ Visualizzazione dell'atomo — Neon MolGod_ATOMVIZ_1
Ne
Neon
Neon
Z = 10 | gas nobile
Massa atomica
20.18 u
T. fusione
-248.59 °C
T. ebollizione
-246.08 °C
Densità
0.0009 g/cm³
Gruppo / Periodo
18 / 2
10 protons
10 neutronów
K: 2e⁻ L: 8e⁻
[He] 2s² 2p⁶
📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 7440-01-9MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Banche dati di spettri spettroscopici — dati inline 8 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Gli spettri vengono recuperati su richiesta da 9 fonti. Ogni spettro viene salvato nel nostro database — l'apertura successiva = zero richieste all'API esterna. Scarica JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG per ogni spettro senza dover cercare.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro
🔗 Source
— points
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Dati recuperati tramite MolGod_Spectra_Remote_Fetcher (parser JCAMP-DX) e salvati nella tabella wp_molgod_spectra_cache. Zero download duplicati, zero richieste a NIST alle aperture successive. Licenze rispettate (viene pubblicato solo il deep-link + la nostra visualizzazione).

🔬 Spettri interattivi (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Dati recuperati in tempo reale da più fonti (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG disponibili per il download sotto ogni spettro.

IR — infrarosso in trasformata di Fourier

Caricamento IR — infrarosso in trasformata di Fourier…

MS — spettrometria di massa (EI 70eV)

Caricamento MS — spettrometria di massa (EI 70eV)…

📐 Proprietà fisico-chimiche (database) 2 campi MolGod Score: Affidabile
Proprietà Valore Unità Conditions Source
Punto di fusione -248.67 [5][6][11] °C 1 atm PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Punto di ebollizione -246.05 [5][6][11] °C 760 mmHg PubChem PUG-View (2026)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (12 sources)
  1. Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  5. Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
  6. Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
  7. Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
  8. Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
  9. Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
  10. Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
  11. Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Inserisci la concentrazione Neon in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 20.180 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuratezzaSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 7440-01-9MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Attenzione (Warning)
GHS04 — Gas sotto pressione
GHS04 Gas sotto pressione

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

  • P282 — Utilizzare guanti termici e schermo facciale o protezione per gli occhi.

⚠ Classificazione basata sul consenso delle fonti (PubChem / notifiche dei fornitori) — non verificata rispetto alla classificazione armonizzata dell'allegato VI (CLP). L'ambito dei pericoli può essere più ampio della classificazione ufficiale; prima dell'uso verificare con la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del fornitore.

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 7440-01-9 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.
📐 Formule statistiche
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
  • s = √s² — deviazione standard
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🔬 Metodi HPLC/GC (1 metoda)
📄
Production and characterization of tearless and non-pungent onion
HPLCScientific Reports201687% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Colonna: NH2, 5 μm
Fase: mobile phase was 30% methanol containing 0
Rivelazione: MS
Flusso: 0.60 mL/min
Temp.: 35.0 °C
Inj.: 1 μL
Kato M, Masamura N, Shono J, Okamoto D, Abe T, Imai S. Production and characterization of tearless and non-pungent onion. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:23779. doi:10.1038/srep23779
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
The onion lachrymatory factor (LF) is produced from trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (PRENCSO) through successive reactions catalyzed by alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4) and lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS), and is responsible for the tear inducing-property and the pungency of fresh onions. We developed tearless, non-pungent onions non-transgenically by irradiating seeds with neon-ion at 20 Gy. The bulbs obtained from the irradiated seeds and their offspring bulbs produced by selfing were screened by organoleptic assessment of tear-inducing property or HPLC analysis of LF production. After repeated screening and seed production by selfing, two tearless, non-pungent bulbs were identified in the third generation (M3) bulbs. Twenty M4 bulbs obtained from each of them showed no tear-inducing property or pungency when evaluated by 20 sensory panelists. The LF production levels in these bulbs were approximately 7.5-fold lower than those of the normal onion. The low LF production levels were due to reduction in alliinase activity, which was a result of low alliinase mRNA expression (less than 1% of that in the normal onion) and consequent low amounts of the alliinase protein. These tearless, non-pungent onions should be welcomed by all who tear while chopping onions and those who work in facilities where fresh onions are processed.
📈 Validazione del metodo (ICH Q2)

Nessun dato di validazione. Contattare l'autore del metodo.

Parametri secondo: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Risoluzione problemi HPLC/GC
Picchi larghi / tailing
Cause: Colonna usurata, pH della fase errato, sovraccarico della colonna, dead volume
Soluzione: Sostituire la colonna, verificare il pH del tampone (±0.2), ridurre il volume di iniezione, controllare i raccordi
Deriva della linea di base
Cause: Fase mobile contaminata, gradiente, temperatura instabile
Soluzione: Degassare la fase, filtrare 0.22 µm, stabilizzare la temperatura della colonna, lavare il sistema
Nessun picco
Cause: Lunghezza d'onda errata, la sostanza non eluisce, decomposizione termica, fase errata
Soluzione: Verificare λmax, prolungare il gradiente, abbassare la temperatura, cambiare la fase mobile
Picchi fantasma (ghost peaks)
Cause: Contaminazione del sistema, carry-over, flaconcini contaminati
Soluzione: Pulire il sistema (MeOH/H₂O), usare nuove fiale, iniettare un bianco
Basso recupero
Cause: Adsorbimento sulle pareti, estrazione insufficiente, decomposizione
Soluzione: Aggiungi IS, silanizza la vetreria, ottimizza l'estrazione, verifica la stabilità

Fonti: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

📊 Validazione del metodo HPLC (ICH Q2(R1)) PARTIAL

3 metrics need experimental data

Parametro Valore Unità Criterio ICH Q2 Status
Linearità (R²) nessun dato unitless R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 per la bioanalitica) —
LOD (S/N = 3:1) nessun dato ng/mL S/N ≥ 3:1 (concentrazione rilevabile più bassa) —
LOQ (S/N = 10:1) nessun dato ng/mL S/N ≥ 10:1 (LOQ ≥ 3×LOD tipicamente) —
Precisione (RSD intraday, n=6) nessun dato % RSD RSD ≤ 2% (intraday) / ≤ 3% (interday) per l'API —
Accuratezza (recupero, 3 livelli) nessun dato % (target 100±2%) Recovery 98-102% (target 100%) —
Intervallo di linearità nessun dato es. 0.1-100 ng/mL Min. 80-120% della concentrazione nominale —
Selettività/Specificità nessun dato qualitative Nessuna interferenza — picco dell'analita completamente risolto (Rs ≥ 2.0) —
Robustezza (robustness) nessun dato RSD < 2% con variazione del ±5% RSD < 2% con piccole variazioni dei parametri —
Legend: ✓ PASS ⚠ CAUTION ✗ FAIL — NO_DATA
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Standard di convalida dei metodi analitici — 4 fonti indipendenti (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).

  1. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
  2. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
  3. AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
  5. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
  7. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
  10. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
  11. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.

· ⚠ Avvisi normativi SVHC/REACH ↑

🔧 Risoluzione dei problemi HPLC — albero decisionale 6 problemi comuni

Diagnostica dei 12 problemi HPLC più comuni con albero decisionale (5 passaggi per problema). Fonte: Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.

Picchi allargati (broad peaks) medium

Sintomo: Tutti i picchi nel cromatogramma sono più larghi del previsto (FWHM > 2× della norma)

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Verifica se tutti i picchi sono allargati o solo alcuni
    → SÌ: Tutti → problema strumentale (colonna o sistema)
    → NO: Solo alcuni → problema chimico (interazione con la colonna per analiti specifici)
  2. 2. Sostituisci con una colonna di prova — il problema scompare?
    → SÌ: COLONNA usurata — packing danneggiato, void nei primi mm. Sostituiscila.
    → NO: Problema nel sistema LC
  3. 3. Controllare il volume morto (dead volume) — loop di iniezione, connessioni, rivelatore
    → SÌ: Loop > 100 µL per una colonna da 4.6 mm o connessioni allentate → sostituire le ferrule, accorciare i tubi
    → NO: Continua diagnostica
  4. 4. Test di temperatura: aumentare la colonna da 25°C a 40°C
    → SÌ: Picchi più stretti → cinetica di trasferimento di massa troppo lenta (aumentare T)
    → NO: Continue
  5. 5. Controllare il flow rate rispetto al valore ottimale di van Deemter per questa colonna
    → SÌ: Ottimale per 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, per 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Colonna usurata (>2000 iniezioni senza guard)
  • Volume morto del sistema > 100 µL (loop errato, tubi lunghi, ferrule allentate)
  • Temperatura troppo bassa (cinetica di trasferimento di massa)
  • Flow rate al di fuori dell'ottimale di van Deemter
  • Solvente del campione più forte della fase A
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Sostituire la colonna (quando >2000 iniezioni)
  • ✓ Controllare tutte le connessioni — tubi il più corti possibile
  • ✓ Aumentare la T della colonna a 40°C (se la sostanza è stabile)
  • ✓ Ridurre il flow all'ottimale di van Deemter
  • ✓ Sciogliere il campione nella fase A (non in organico puro)
Coda dei picchi (tailing, T > 1.5) high

Sintomo: I picchi presentano una "coda" prolungata sul lato di eluizione tardiva (asimmetria T = b/a > 1.5 secondo USP)

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. La sostanza contiene gruppi basici (ammino, piridina)?
    → SÌ: Sì → interazioni silanoliche! Aggiungere 0.1% TFA o 5-10 mM TEA alla fase A.
    → NO: Continue
  2. 2. Controllare il pH della fase mobile rispetto al pKa della sostanza
    → SÌ: pH = pKa ± 1 → ionizzazione parziale, peak split. Portare il pH a ≥ 2 unità di distanza dal pKa.
    → NO: Continue
  3. 3. Controllare l'età della colonna (>1500 iniezioni?)
    → SÌ: Sì → silanoli esposti (column bleed). Sostituire con una colonna con endcapping più elevato (XTerra, Symmetry).
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Il campione contiene metalli (Fe, Cu dalle fiale di vetro)?
    → SÌ: Sì → utilizzare fiale incolori di tipo II o PFA. EDTA 0.1mM nel campione.
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Interazioni silanoliche (analita basico + silanoli liberi del gel di silice)
  • pH al limite del pKa dell'analita (peak split)
  • Colonna vecchia (column bleed, elevata attività silanolica)
  • Metalli nel campione (chelazione → tailing)
  • Sovraccarico della colonna (>50 µg su una colonna da 4.6mm)
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Aggiungere 0.1% TFA (UV) o 0.1% acido formico (LC-MS) alla fase A
  • ✓ Scegliere una colonna con endcapping ad alta purezza: Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
  • ✓ Lavorare a pH ≥ 2 unità di distanza dal pKa
  • ✓ EDTA 0.1mM nel campione (chelazione Fe/Cu)
  • ✓ Ridurre il volume di iniezione a ≤ 20 µL per una colonna da 4.6mm
Deriva della linea di base (baseline drift) medium

Sintomo: La linea di base aumenta o diminuisce sistematicamente per >5 minuti

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Si sta utilizzando un gradiente (B% in aumento)?
    → SÌ: Sì → assorbimento diverso delle fasi A e B a dλ. Cambio di solvente nell'UV-cutoff. Controllare l'assorbanza UV del % di organico.
    → NO: Continua (isocratico)
  2. 2. Controllare la temperatura della colonna — è stabile a ±0.5°C?
    → SÌ: Sì (stabile) → continua
    → NO: Instabile → attivare il termostato della colonna (>25°C controllato)
  3. 3. Test: spegnere l'autosampler, far funzionare solo pompa+colonna+rivelatore
    → SÌ: La deriva scompare → contaminazione dell'autosampler (pulire l'ago, il septum)
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Controllare l'età della lampada (D2 per UV)
    → SÌ: Sì (>1500 ore) → sostituire la lampada
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Eluizione a gradiente con UV-cutoff diverso delle fasi
  • T della colonna instabile
  • Contaminazione dell'ago/septum dell'autosampler
  • Lampada UV vecchia (>1500h)
  • Cella di flusso del rivelatore sporca
  • Colonna non equilibrata (<10 volumi di colonna)
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Pre-equilibrare la colonna per 10-15 volumi di colonna al 100% A
  • ✓ Termostato colonna attivo, T 30-40°C stabile
  • ✓ Pulire la flow cell del rivelatore con soluzione ACN:H2O 50:50
  • ✓ Sostituire la lampada D2 se >1500h
  • ✓ Usare la baseline subtraction (funzione nativa Chromeleon, Empower)
Nessun picco / picco perso (no peak) critical

Sintomo: Il picco atteso dell'analita non compare nel cromatogramma

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. L'iniezione è stata effettivamente eseguita?
    → SÌ: Controllare il log dell'autocampionatore, la pressione della pompa (dovrebbe calare durante l'iniezione)
    → NO: Problema dell'autocampionatore → controllare il loop, l'ago, il campione nella fiala
  2. 2. Il campione è nella fiala (volume corretto, non evaporato)?
    → SÌ: Continue
    → NO: Nessun campione — ri-pipettare
  3. 3. Stabilità del campione — preparato >24h fa?
    → SÌ: Sì → degradazione. Ri-preparare un campione fresco.
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Controllare la lunghezza d'onda di rilevazione rispetto al λmax della sostanza
    → SÌ: Rilevazione a λ NON corrisponde al λmax → nessun segnale. Scansione DAD 200-400nm.
    → NO: Continue
  5. 5. Test: iniettare uno standard puro (di concentrazione nota, fresco)
    → SÌ: Lo standard dà un picco → problema con il campione (matrice, derivatizzazione)
    → NO: Nessun picco anche con lo standard → problema di sistema (colonna, fase, gradiente)
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Campione non prelevato dalla fiala (bug dell'autocampionatore)
  • Campione degradato (>24h pH/temp/luce)
  • Rilevazione alla lunghezza d'onda errata
  • Fase mobile errata (es. TFA dimenticato)
  • Colonna invertita / fase stazionaria errata
  • La sostanza eluisce sul fronte (V0) → non trattenuta, non visibile
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Ri-preparare un campione fresco secondo il protocollo esatto
  • ✓ Scansione UV-Vis DAD 200-400nm + ricerca del λmax
  • ✓ Controllare la composizione della fase mobile — TFA aggiunto?
  • ✓ Testare la direzione inversa della colonna (con cautela!)
  • ✓ Per ritenzione <1 min — abbassare il % B, MeOH al posto di ACN
  • ✓ Controllare la tabella "expected_rt" in wp_molgod_hplc_methods
Pressione troppo alta (pressure too high) critical

Sintomo: Pressione della pompa > 80% del massimo della colonna o shutdown del sistema con errore high-pressure

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Controllare che la colonna sia collegata correttamente (direzione della freccia)
    → SÌ: OK
    → NO: Colonna invertita → invertirla (non lavorare mai "al contrario")
  2. 2. Test: rimuovere la colonna dal sistema, far girare pompa+rivelatore da soli
    → SÌ: La pressione scende a <50 bar → problema nella colonna (intasata)
    → NO: La pressione rimane alta → filtro in-line intasato, frit sporco
  3. 3. Controllare il filtro pre-colonna (frit in-line)
    → SÌ: Sporco e brunastro → sostituire
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Retro-lavare la colonna con ACN:H2O 50:50 senza la colonna — scompare?
    → SÌ: Particelle bloccate nel primo mm — un flush di 30 min può recuperarla
    → NO: Sostituire la colonna
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Filtro in-line (frit) intasato da particelle
  • Salting-out del buffer (precipitazione ad alto %B)
  • Il campione contiene materiale in sospensione (filtrare a 0.22 µm prima dell'iniezione)
  • Colonna intasata (compattazione del letto della colonna)
  • Gradiente con fase buffer + molto organico → precipitazione del sale
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Filtrare SEMPRE il campione con PVDF 0.22 µm prima dell'iniezione
  • ✓ Sostituire il filtro in-line ogni 100 iniezioni (o quando la pressione aumenta >20%)
  • ✓ NON usare buffer fosfato >20mM + >70% ACN (il sale precipita)
  • ✓ Lavare la colonna per 30 min con ACN:H2O 50:50 in direzione inversa (quando il produttore lo consente)
  • ✓ Pre-colonna 4×3mm per proteggere la colonna principale
Picchi fantasma (ghost peaks) high

Sintomo: Picchi inspiegabili sul cromatogramma assenti nella calibrazione

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Test: iniezione in bianco (solvente puro del campione)
    → SÌ: Compare un ghost → contaminazione del sistema o degli eluenti
    → NO: Compare solo con il campione → matrice
  2. 2. Il ghost cresce con il gradiente (eluisce ad alta %B)?
    → SÌ: Sì → colonna sovraccarica o composti fortemente trattenuti dalla corsa precedente
    → NO: Indipendente dal gradiente → carryover dell'autocampionatore
  3. 3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
    → SÌ: Aiuta → il carryover era la causa. Protocollo di lavaggio più forte.
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Iniezione di acqua pura — c'è un picco?
    → SÌ: Sì → contaminazione della fonte d'acqua (sostanze organiche dal sistema DI)
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Carryover nell'ago/loop dell'autocampionatore
  • Contaminazione dell'eluente (anche di grado HPLC)
  • Componenti fortemente trattenuti da corse precedenti
  • Plastica nelle fiale (ftalati, PEG dai tappi)
  • Acqua DI insufficientemente purificata
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Rafforzare il protocollo di lavaggio: 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cicli)
  • ✓ Lavaggio forte: DMSO 100% o MeOH 100% prima della calibrazione
  • ✓ Filtrare gli eluenti con PTFE 0.22 µm in caso di dubbio
  • ✓ Usare vetro ambrato + tappi con rivestimento in Teflon per i campioni
  • ✓ Rampa di gradiente periodica fino a 100% B per 10 min (clean-out)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
  2. Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
  3. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
  4. Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
  7. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
  9. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
  10. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations. 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography. 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📚 FAQ tecniche — Neon (5) MolGod_TECHFAQ_1
❓ Jak przygotować roztwór standardowy neonu o stężeniu 10 ppm (części na milion) w rozpuszczalniku organicznym?
Aby przygotować roztwór standardowy neonu o stężeniu 10 ppm, należy obliczyć masę potrzebną do uzyskania tego stężenia w określonej objętości rozpuszczalnika. Zakładając użycie heksanu jako rozpuszczalnika i przygotowanie 1 litra roztworu (1000 ml), masa neonu potrzebna do uzyskania stężenia 10 ppm wynosi: masa = (stężenie [ppm] * objętość [ml]) / 1 000 000 = (10 * 1000) / 1 000 000 = 0.01 g. Wymagana masa neonu to 0.01 grama.
Utile?
❓ W jakich warunkach należy przechowywać gazowy neon, aby uniknąć jego degradacji?
Neon powinien być przechowywany w butlach ciśnieniowych wykonanych z materiałów odpornych na korozję, takich jak stal nierdzewna lub aluminium. Optymalne warunki przechowywania to temperatura pokojowa (15-25°C), w miejscu suchym i chronionym przed bezpośrednim światłem słonecznym. Wilgotność powietrza nie powinna przekraczać 50%, aby zapobiec kondensacji pary wodnej wewnątrz butli, co mogłoby prowadzić do korozji.
Utile?
❓ Jaka jest najbardziej odpowiednia metoda analityczna do oznaczania stężenia neonu w mieszaninach gazowych?
Najbardziej odpowiednią metodą analityczną do oznaczania stężenia neonu w mieszaninach gazowych jest spektrometria mas z jonizacją w płomieniu (ICP-MS) lub spektroskopia emisyjna ze wzbudzeniem plazmowym (ICP-OES). Te techniki są czułe i selektywne dla gazów szlachetnych, takich jak neon. Alternatywnie, można zastosować chromatografię gazową (GC) z detektorem płomieniowo-jonizacyjnym (FID) lub spektrometrią mas (MS), jeśli neon jest w postaci związanej chemicznie.
Utile?
❓ Czy neon reaguje z jakimikolwiek substancjami chemicznymi w warunkach laboratoryjnych?
Neon jest gazem szlachetnym i generalnie bardzo mało reaktywnym. W standardowych warunkach laboratoryjnych neon nie reaguje z większością substancji chemicznych. Jednak w ekstremalnych warunkach, takich jak bardzo wysokie ciśnienie lub temperatura, może tworzyć związki chemiczne, np. neonowe związki metaloorganiczne. W typowych warunkach laboratoryjnych neon jest chemicznie obojętny i nie wykazuje znaczącej reaktywności.
Utile?
❓ W jakich praktycznych zastosowaniach laboratoryjnych wykorzystuje się neon?
Neon jest wykorzystywany w laboratoriach głównie jako gaz obojętny do wypełniania przestrzeni, które muszą być wolne od tlenu i wilgoci, np. w lampach neonowych używanych do oświetlenia lub wskaźników próżni. Ponadto, neon jest stosowany jako gaz nośny w chromatografii gazowej (GC) oraz jako źródło promieniowania w spektroskopii emisyjnej do kalibracji detektorów.
Utile?
🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarità (M=n/V)
Tampone pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Moli
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici MolGod_SPECDB_3
🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Neon• NEON• CAS: 7440-01-9• Formula: Ne• Massa: 20.18 g/molATTENZIONEINDICAZIONI DI PERICOLO GHS:H280: Contiene gas sotto pressione; può esplodere se riscaldato.P282: Utilizzare guanti termici e schermo facciale o protezione per gli occhi.Solo per uso di laboratorio!DH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.N. lotto: Massa netta: Prod.:
ADMET — profilo farmacologico
Caricamento delle predizioni ADMET…
📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 7440-01-9MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 18 publications
🏆 CAS 7440-01-9 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Robert Hellmann, Eckard Bich, Eckhard Vogel (2008) · Molecular Physics
    Perché è importante: 127 citations · open access
    SCORE 8.57 Meccanismo Citazioni: 127 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2025) · Chemical Science
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 8.35 Meccanismo Citazioni: 4 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2026) · Molecular Ecology Resources
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.95 Meccanismo Citazioni: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2027) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
    Perché è importante: Recente (2027) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Analitica Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    Alessandro Lippi, Giovanni Carugno, Roberto Calabrese et al. (2025) · arXiv (2512.11140v2)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Claire Lunch, Christine Laney, Megan Jones et al. (2020)
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 6.68 Meccanismo Citazioni: 2 Open Access DOI ↗
  7. #7
    Daniel Tang; Jihong Liu (2026)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  8. #8
    Abhishek Verma, Renaud Guillemin, Ralph Püttner et al. (2026) · Physical Review Research
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  9. #9
    L. Peng, Z. Sun, K.D. Li et al. (2026) · Nuclear Fusion
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  10. #10
    D.G. Wu, L.Y. Meng, L. Wang et al. (2026) · Nuclear Fusion
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  11. #11
    Hikmatul Amri, Zulkifli Zulkifli, Stephan Stephan et al. (2026) · Protek: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  12. #12
    N. S. Manton (2026) · arXiv (2607.03917v1)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access
  13. #13
    Armin Bergermann, Siegfried Glenzer, Arianna Glaeson et al. (2026) · arXiv (2604.10355v1)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access
  14. #14
    Robert Hellmann, Giovanni Garberoglio (2026) · arXiv (2601.21721v1)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  15. #15
    Kaiwen Zheng, Xingrui Song, Kater W. Murch (2025) · arXiv (2503.01847v1)
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access
  16. #16
    et al. (2025) · Physics in Medicine & Biology
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025)
    SCORE 5.7 Analitica Citazioni: 1 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    et al. (2025) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025)
    SCORE 4.8 Analitica DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    Rodrigo Souza Fontanini de Carvalho, Ricardo Gaiotto de Moraes (2018) · Rua
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 4.65 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗

Description

Neon, CAS 7440-01-9

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📈 Gradiente HPLC — ottimizzatore (LSS) MODELLO

logP sconosciuto — PubChem non ha restituito un valore XLogP. Il gradiente seguente è un modello generico 5–95% MeCN/H2O in 15 min; verificare i parametri prima dell'uso.

⚠ logP non disponibile. PubChem non ha restituito la proprietà XLogP3 per questo CAS. I valori del gradiente riportati di seguito sono un modello generico — non un LSS adattato al composto.
  • Colonna: C18
  • Tampone: phosphate
  • Flusso: 1 mL/min
  • logP: logP non disponibile
  • Ramp: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Tempo totale di analisi: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Commento
0 79 21 1 avvio (equilibrio)
2 79 21 1 fine mantenimento iniziale
17 5 95 1 fine rampa LSS
22 5 95 1 lavaggio della colonna
23 79 21 1 ritorno a init
28 79 21 1 riequilibrazione
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. [DOI ↗]

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/7440-01-9

📐 Calcolatore della simmetria del picco HPLC (USP Tf / As)

Calcola il fattore di tailing USP (T) e l'asimmetria (As) dalle semilarghezze del picco. Inserisci a (semilarghezza sinistra) e b (semilarghezza destra) misurate al 5% o 10% dell'altezza del picco.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📊 Calcolatore di risoluzione e numero di piatti (Rs, N, H)

Calcola la risoluzione Rs, il numero di piatti teorici N e l'HETP (H) per una coppia di picchi HPLC. Inserisci i tempi di ritenzione, le larghezze dei picchi (al 50% o alla base) e la lunghezza della colonna.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

Related products

🧪 System Suitability — calcolatore live (USP <621>)

Inserisci i dati di 5-6 iniezioni (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — il calcolatore calcolerà %RSD, le medie e verificherà la conformità con USP <621>. Puoi incollare un CSV (separato da virgole) o modificare i singoli valori.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."

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📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 107 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 7440-01-9.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

  1. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7440-01-9. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  2. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7440-01-9. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7440-01-9. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  3. AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7440-01-9. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  4. ECHA. 2026. C&L Inventory and REACH Registration: CAS 7440-01-9. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📐 Standard / Linee guida

  1. ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 7440-01-9." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monographs

  1. IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 7440-01-9. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Siti web

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. U.S. OSHA. 2026. "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance: CAS 7440-01-9." Washington, DC: U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/hazwoper. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  10. National Fire Protection Association (2018) — NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-472.
  11. European Union. 2026. "EUR-Lex Legal Database: CAS 7440-01-9." Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012L0018. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  12. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024) — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  13. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  14. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  15. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  16. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  17. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  18. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  19. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  20. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  21. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  22. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  23. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  24. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
  25. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
  26. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  27. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  28. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  29. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
  30. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
  31. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  32. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
  33. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
  34. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
  35. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
  36. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  37. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
  38. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  39. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
  40. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  41. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
  42. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
  43. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
  44. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  45. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  46. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  47. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  48. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  49. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  50. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  51. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  52. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
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