L-tryptophane — étiquette CAS 73-22-3

L-tryptophane

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L-Tryptofan, CAS 73-22-3

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MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 16.07.2026
Kategoria:
🧬 Visualiseur de molécule 3D
Chargement de la molécule...
Modèle 3D L-Tryptophan, CAS 73-22-3, formule brute C11H12N2O2, masse molaire 204.22 g/mol

Données transcrites à partir de registres réglementaires et de la littérature spécialisée, avec indication de la source et de l'édition. Elles ne remplacent pas la fiche de données de sécurité du fournisseur. Les champs sans source enregistrée sont signalés comme tels.

Aperçu chimique: L-TryptophanMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formule bruteC11H12N2O2[1]
Masse moléculaire204.22 g/mol[1]
Point de fusion290.5 °C[1]
LogP (lipophilie)-1.1[1]
Nom IUPAC(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid[1]
SMILESC1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N[1]
InChIKeyQIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N[1]

Synonymes: L-tryptophan · tryptophan · 73-22-3 · L-Tryptophane · Tryptophane

Sources des données : PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Dernière mise à jour : 2026-07-11

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Formule brute · Masse moléculaire · Point de fusion · LogP (lipophilie) · Nom IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

🎓 Badania akademickie: 73-22-3

#1🎓Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis📅 2026
Comparative study of zwitterionic Cinchonane-based ion-exchangers for liquid chromatographic enantioseparations of free fluorinated tryptophanes: mechanistic and thermodynamic insights…
Tanács D; Németi G; Berkecz R; Bozsó Z; Tóth GK; Lindner W.
Rapport LAB complet →

RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

[1]PubMed2026
Simultaneous enantiomeric separation of tryptophan-related metabolites by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Application to the chiral analysis of kynurenine and tryptophan…
Adámez-Rodríguez S; Marina ML; Castro-Puyana M. 2026. "Simultaneous enantiomeric separation of tryptophan-related metabolites by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Application to the chiral a
Universidad de Alcalá
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[2]PubMed2026
Discrimination of Tryptophan Enantiomers at Sub-pm Level by Multiparametric Analysis of a Label-Free Organic Immunosensor
Genitoni M; Greco P; Paradisi A; Sensi M; Berto M; Murgia M. 2026. "Discrimination of Tryptophan Enantiomers at Sub-pm Level by Multiparametric Analysis of a Label-Free Organic Immunosensor." Small me
Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[3]EuropePMC2025
Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced using <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>KCCM 80346 for all animal…
EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Ma
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[4]EuropePMC2025
Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced with <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> KCCM 80346 for all animal…
EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Ma
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
[5]EuropePMC2024
Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan (produced with Escherichia coliCGMCC 7.460) for all animal…
EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marco
Accéder à l'étude complète ↗
📊 Propriétés physicochimiques

Aperçu rapide

Formule : C11H12N2O2
MW : 204.22 g/mol
CAS : 73-22-3
Aspect : Folioles ou plaques issues de l'alcool dilué
Odeur : Inodore
🔬 Propriétés avancées

Identifiants chimiques

SMILES: C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

Dernière mise à jour : 2026-07-11

Statut réglementaire de la substance
Aucune entrée pour ce CAS dans les listes de restrictions vérifiées (liste candidate SVHC, REACH Annexe XVII ; ensembles de données incomplets - il ne s'agit pas d'une confirmation de conformité). Classification CLP et statut de transport (ADR) : voir la section GHS et la fiche de données de sécurité (SDS).
🧮 Calculateur stœchiométriqueMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Identifiants externesMolGod_EXTID_1
15 sur 16 systèmes d'ID94%
Base de donnéesIdentifiantActions
CAS Registry Number73-22-3Ouvrir →
PubChem CID6305[1]Ouvrir →
InChIKeyQIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N[1]Ouvrir →
InChIInChI=1S/C11H12N2O2/c12-9(11(14)15)5-7-6-13-10-4…[1]
SMILESC1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N[1]
EC Number200-795-6[2]Ouvrir →
ChEMBLCHEMBL54976[3]Ouvrir →
DrugBankDB00150Ouvrir →
KEGG CompoundC00078Ouvrir →
HMDBHMDB0000929Ouvrir →
ChemSpider6066[4]Ouvrir →
MeSH UID (NLM)D014364Ouvrir →
UNII (FDA)8DUH1N11BXOuvrir →
NSC Number (NCI)13119Ouvrir →
WikiData QIDQ181003Ouvrir →

Sources : PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 73-22-3MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Spectres (NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis) (1)

Types de spectres disponibles : IR

Spectre IR (KBr, 4000-400 cm⁻¹)

477 points de données · Source : NIST WebBook · NIST ↗ · 📥 JCAMP-DX
🎓 Guide d'interprétation des spectres (pour étudiants)
Comment lire un spectre IR
  • 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ — élongation O-H (pic large = liaison hydrogène)
  • 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ — élongation C-H (sp³)
  • 1650-1750 cm⁻¹ — élongation C=O (cétones, aldéhydes, esters)
  • 1400-1600 cm⁻¹ — vibrations du cycle aromatique
  • 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ — élongation C-O (éthers, alcools)
  • Aucune absorption = aucun groupe fonctionnel → comparer avec une référence

Sources : LibreTexts ↗, Silverstein (Spectrometric ID) ↗

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (7 sources)
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  2. Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
  4. Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
  5. Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
  6. McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
  7. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
📐 Propriétés physico-chimiques (base de données) 4 champs Score MolGod : Fiable
Propriété Valeur Unité Conditions Source
Point de fusion 290.5 [1] °C decomp. PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Point d'ébullition rozkłada się [1] — przed wrzeniem (decomp.) PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Solubilité dans l'eau 13.4 [1] g/L 25°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
logP (octanol/eau) -1.1 [1][2] — PubChem PUG-View (2026)
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (2 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Point de fusion · Point d'ébullition · Solubilité dans l'eau · logP (octanol/eau)
  2. Sangster, J. "Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients of Simple Organic Compounds." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 18, no. 3 (1989): 1111-1229. ↗ dotyczy: logP (octanol/eau)

Les valeurs physicochimiques proviennent de sources indépendantes et évaluées par des pairs, mentionnées ci-dessus.

🔄 Convertisseur d'unités de concentration LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Saisissez la concentration L-Tryptophan dans n'importe quelle unité — le reste sera calculé automatiquement.

MW : 204.22 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formules de conversion + citations (par formule)
ConversionFormulePrécisionSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 sources faisant autorité)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Sélectionnez la concentration
② Volume cible
③ Solvant

Calculs selon : IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Sécurité — CAS 73-22-3MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avis sur les limitations des données. Les informations de sécurité figurant sur cette page sont fournies à titre indicatif et ne remplacent pas une fiche de données de sécurité (SDS) complète. Avant d'utiliser le produit, consultez la fiche de données de sécurité actuelle du fabricant ainsi que les directives GHS/CLP. La classification CLP s'applique à la substance pure en vrac, et non aux préparations commerciales.

Aucune classification GHS harmonisée pour cette substance — voir la fiche de données de sécurité (SDS) actuelle du fournisseur.

📚 Références scientifiques consolidées — Chicago auteur-date 10 sources

Références collectées dans tous les onglets du Safety Hub. CAS : 73-22-3 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Réglementations
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Les onglets possédant leurs propres références (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contiennent des entrées bibliographiques supplémentaires au sein de leurs sections respectives.

📈 Statistiques analytiques (test t · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Collez une série de mesures répétées (CSV ou un nombre par ligne). Le calculateur calculera la moyenne, l'écart-type, l'IC à 95 %, et détectera les valeurs aberrantes (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Séparateur : virgule, espace, tabulation, nouvelle ligne. Min. 3 mesures.
📐 Formules statistiques
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — moyenne arithmétique
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — variance de l'échantillon
  • s = √s² — écart-type
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — écart-type relatif
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test de Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source : ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calculateur de recettes de tampons UNIQUE
Références : Valeurs de pKa issues de Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Choisissez un tampon dans la liste de 20 systèmes courants → saisissez le pH cible → vous obtiendrez une recette exacte avec les masses à peser.

Étape 1 : Choisissez un système tampon

📜 Historique des recettes (10 dernières)
📊 Validation de la méthode HPLC (ICH Q2(R1)) PARTIAL

3 of 3 critical metrics need experimental data

Paramètre Valeur Unité Critère ICH Q2 Status
Linéarité (R²) aucune donnée unitless R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 pour la bioanalytique) —
LOD (S/N = 3:1) aucune donnée ng/mL S/N ≥ 3:1 (concentration détectable la plus basse) —
LOQ (S/N = 10:1) aucune donnée ng/mL S/N ≥ 10:1 (LOQ ≥ 3×LOD typiquement) —
Précision (RSD intraday, n=6) aucune donnée % RSD RSD ≤ 2% (intraday) / ≤ 3% (interday) pour l'API —
Justesse (récupération, 3 niveaux) aucune donnée % (target 100±2%) Recovery 98-102% (target 100%) —
Plage de linéarité aucune donnée p. ex. 0.1-100 ng/mL Min. 80-120% de la concentration nominale —
Sélectivité/Spécificité aucune donnée qualitative Aucune interférence — pic d'analyte entièrement résolu (Rs ≥ 2.0) —
Robustesse (robustness) aucune donnée RSD < 2% à ±5% de variation RSD < 2% avec de petites variations de paramètres —
Légende : ✓ PASS ⚠ CAUTION ✗ FAIL — NO_DATA
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer

Normes de validation des méthodes analytiques — 4 sources indépendantes (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).

  1. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
  2. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
  3. AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
  5. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
  7. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
  10. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
  11. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.

· ⚠ Avertissements réglementaires SVHC/REACH ↑

🔧 Dépannage HPLC — arbre de décision 6 problèmes courants

Diagnostic des 6 problèmes HPLC les plus courants avec un arbre de décision (5 étapes par problème). Source : Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.

Pics élargis (broad peaks) medium

Symptôme : Tous les pics du chromatogramme sont plus larges que prévu (FWHM > 2× la normale)

🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
  1. 1. Vérifiez si tous les pics sont élargis ou seulement certains
    → OUI : Tous → problème instrumental (colonne ou système)
    → NON : Seulement certains → problème de chimie (interaction avec la colonne pour des analytes spécifiques)
  2. 2. Remplacez par une colonne de test — le problème disparaît-il ?
    → OUI : COLONNE usée — garnissage endommagé, void dans les premiers mm. Remplacez-la.
    → NON : Problème dans le système LC
  3. 3. Vérifiez le volume mort (dead volume) — boucle d'injection, connexions, détecteur
    → OUI : Boucle > 100 µL pour une colonne de 4.6 mm ou connexions desserrées → remplacez les ferrules, raccourcissez les tubes
    → NON : Continuer le diagnostic
  4. 4. Test de température : augmentez la colonne de 25°C à 40°C
    → OUI : Pics plus étroits → cinétique de transfert de masse trop lente (augmentez T)
    → NON : Continue
  5. 5. Vérifiez le débit par rapport à l'optimum de van Deemter pour cette colonne
    → OUI : Optimum pour 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, pour 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
    → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
  • Colonne usée (>2000 injections sans précolonne)
  • Volume mort du système > 100 µL (mauvaise boucle, tubes longs, ferrules desserrées)
  • Température trop basse (cinétique de transfert de masse)
  • Débit hors de l'optimum de van Deemter
  • Solvant d'échantillon plus fort que la phase A
✓ Solutions :
  • ✓ Remplacez la colonne (si >2000 injections)
  • ✓ Vérifiez toutes les connexions — tubes aussi courts que possible
  • ✓ Augmentez la T de la colonne à 40°C (si la substance est stable)
  • ✓ Réduisez le débit à l'optimum de van Deemter
  • ✓ Dissolvez l'échantillon dans la phase A (pas dans un solvant organique pur)
Traînée des pics (tailing, T > 1.5) high

Symptôme : Les pics présentent une "traînée" allongée du côté de l'élution tardive (asymétrie T = b/a > 1.5 selon l'USP)

🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
  1. 1. La substance contient-elle des groupes basiques (amino, pyridine) ?
    → OUI : Oui → interactions silanol ! Ajoutez 0.1% de TFA ou 5-10 mM de TEA à la phase A.
    → NON : Continue
  2. 2. Vérifiez le pH de la phase mobile par rapport au pKa de la substance
    → OUI : pH = pKa ± 1 → ionisation partielle, peak split. Placez le pH à ≥ 2 unités du pKa.
    → NON : Continue
  3. 3. Vérifiez l'âge de la colonne (>1500 injections ?)
    → OUI : Oui → silanols exposés (column bleed). Remplacez par une colonne à endcapping supérieur (XTerra, Symmetry).
    → NON : Continue
  4. 4. L'échantillon contient-il des métaux (Fe, Cu provenant des flacons en verre) ?
    → OUI : Oui → utilisez des flacons incolores de type II ou en PFA. EDTA 0.1mM dans l'échantillon.
    → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
  • Interactions silanol (analyte basique + silanols libres du gel de silice)
  • pH à la limite du pKa de l'analyte (peak split)
  • Colonne ancienne (column bleed, activité silanol élevée)
  • Métaux dans l'échantillon (chélation → traînée)
  • Surcharge de la colonne (>50 µg sur une colonne de 4.6mm)
✓ Solutions :
  • ✓ Ajoutez 0.1% de TFA (UV) ou 0.1% d'acide formique (LC-MS) à la phase A
  • ✓ Choisissez une colonne à endcapping haute pureté : Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
  • ✓ Travaillez à un pH ≥ 2 unités du pKa
  • ✓ EDTA 0.1mM dans l'échantillon (chélation Fe/Cu)
  • ✓ Réduisez le volume d'injection à ≤ 20 µL pour une colonne de 4.6mm
Dérive de la ligne de base (baseline drift) medium

Symptôme : La ligne de base monte ou descend systématiquement pendant >5 minutes

🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
  1. 1. Utilisez-vous un gradient (B% augmente) ?
    → OUI : Oui → absorption différente des phases A vs B à dλ. Changement de solvant dans la coupure UV. Vérifiez l'absorbance UV du % d'organique.
    → NON : Continuer (isocratique)
  2. 2. Vérifiez la température de la colonne — est-elle stable à ±0.5°C ?
    → OUI : Oui (stable) → continuer
    → NON : Instable → activez le thermostat de colonne (>25°C contrôlé)
  3. 3. Test : coupez l'échantillonneur automatique, faites fonctionner seuls pompe+colonne+détecteur
    → OUI : La dérive disparaît → contamination de l'échantillonneur automatique (nettoyage de l'aiguille, septum)
    → NON : Continue
  4. 4. Vérifiez l'âge de la lampe (D2 pour UV)
    → OUI : Oui (>1500 heures) → remplacez la lampe
    → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
  • Élution en gradient avec coupure UV différente des phases
  • T de colonne instable
  • Contamination de l'aiguille/septum de l'échantillonneur automatique
  • Lampe UV ancienne (>1500h)
  • Cellule à circulation du détecteur encrassée
  • Colonne non équilibrée (<10 volumes de colonne)
✓ Solutions :
  • ✓ Pré-équilibrez la colonne sur 10-15 volumes de colonne à 100% A
  • ✓ Thermostat de colonne activé, T 30-40°C stable
  • ✓ Nettoyez la cellule à circulation du détecteur avec une solution 50:50 ACN:H2O
  • ✓ Remplacez la lampe D2 si >1500h
  • ✓ Utilisez la soustraction de ligne de base (Chromeleon, fonction native d'Empower)
Absence de pic / pic perdu (no peak) critical

Symptôme : Le pic d'analyte attendu n'apparaît pas sur le chromatogramme

🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
  1. 1. L'injection a-t-elle réellement eu lieu ?
    → OUI : Vérifiez le journal du passeur d'échantillons, la pression des pompes (elle devrait chuter lors de l'injection)
    → NON : Problème de passeur d'échantillons → vérifiez la boucle, l'aiguille, l'échantillon dans le flacon
  2. 2. L'échantillon est-il dans le flacon (volume correct, non évaporé) ?
    → OUI : Continue
    → NON : Pas d'échantillon — repipetez
  3. 3. Stabilité de l'échantillon — préparé il y a >24h ?
    → OUI : Oui → dégradation. Préparez un nouvel échantillon frais.
    → NON : Continue
  4. 4. Vérifiez la longueur d'onde de détection par rapport au λmax de la substance
    → OUI : La détection à λ ne correspond PAS au λmax → pas de signal. Scannez le DAD 200-400nm.
    → NON : Continue
  5. 5. Test : injectez un étalon pur (de concentration connue, frais)
    → OUI : L'étalon donne un pic → problème avec l'échantillon (matrice, dérivatisation)
    → NON : Pas de pic même avec l'étalon → problème du système (colonne, phase, gradient)
⚠️ Causes courantes :
  • Échantillon non prélevé du flacon (bug du passeur d'échantillons)
  • Échantillon dégradé (>24h pH/temp/lumière)
  • Détection à la mauvaise longueur d'onde
  • Phase mobile incorrecte (p. ex. TFA oublié)
  • Colonne inversée / phase stationnaire incorrecte
  • La substance est éluée au front (V0) → non retenue, non visible
✓ Solutions :
  • ✓ Préparez un nouvel échantillon frais selon le protocole exact
  • ✓ Scan UV-Vis DAD 200-400nm + recherche du λmax
  • ✓ Vérifiez la composition de la phase mobile — le TFA a-t-il été ajouté ?
  • ✓ Testez le sens inverse de la colonne (prudemment !)
  • ✓ Pour une rétention <1 min — abaissez le % B, MeOH au lieu d'ACN
  • ✓ Vérifiez le temps de rétention attendu dans la base de méthodes de l'extension
Pression trop élevée (pressure too high) critical

Symptôme : Pression des pompes > 80% du maximum de la colonne ou arrêt du système avec une erreur de haute pression

🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
  1. 1. Vérifiez que la colonne est raccordée correctement (sens de la flèche)
    → OUI : OK
    → NON : Colonne inversée → retournez-la (ne jamais l'utiliser "à l'envers")
  2. 2. Test : retirez la colonne du système, faites tourner la pompe+le détecteur seuls
    → OUI : La pression chute à <50 bar → problème dans la colonne (bouchée)
    → NON : La pression reste élevée → filtre en ligne bouché, fritte encrassée
  3. 3. Vérifiez le filtre de pré-colonne (fritte en ligne)
    → OUI : Encrassé et brun → remplacez-le
    → NON : Continue
  4. 4. Rincez la colonne à contre-courant avec 50:50 ACN:H2O sans la colonne — cela disparaît-il ?
    → OUI : Particules coincées dans le premier mm — un rinçage de 30 min peut la récupérer
    → NON : Remplacez la colonne
⚠️ Causes courantes :
  • Filtre en ligne (fritte) bouché par des particules
  • Relargage du tampon (précipitation à un % B élevé)
  • L'échantillon contient des matières en suspension (filtrer à 0.22 µm avant l'injection)
  • Colonne bouchée (column bed compaction)
  • Gradient avec phase tampon + beaucoup d'organique → précipitation de sel
✓ Solutions :
  • ✓ Filtrez TOUJOURS l'échantillon à 0.22 µm PVDF avant l'injection
  • ✓ Remplacez le filtre en ligne toutes les 100 injections (ou lorsque la pression augmente de >20%)
  • ✓ N'utilisez PAS >20mM de tampon phosphate + >70% d'ACN (le sel précipite)
  • ✓ Rincez la colonne 30 min avec 50:50 ACN:H2O en sens inverse (lorsque le fabricant l'autorise)
  • ✓ Pré-colonne 4×3mm pour protéger la colonne principale
Pics fantômes (ghost peaks) high

Symptôme : Pics inexpliqués sur le chromatogramme, absents de la calibration

🔍 Arbre diagnostique :
  1. 1. Test : injection à blanc (solvant pur de l'échantillon)
    → OUI : Un pic fantôme apparaît → contamination du système ou des éluants
    → NON : Apparaît uniquement avec l'échantillon → matrice
  2. 2. Le pic fantôme croît-il avec le gradient (élue à % B élevé) ?
    → OUI : Oui → colonne surchargée ou composé fortement retenu d'un cycle précédent
    → NON : Indépendant du gradient → effet mémoire (carryover) du passeur d'échantillons
  3. 3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
    → OUI : Cela aide → l'effet mémoire (carryover) était en cause. Protocole de lavage plus puissant.
    → NON : Continue
  4. 4. Injection d'eau pure — y a-t-il un pic ?
    → OUI : Oui → contamination de la source d'eau (organiques provenant du système DI)
    → NON : Continue
⚠️ Causes courantes :
  • Effet mémoire (carryover) dans l'aiguille/la boucle du passeur d'échantillons
  • Contamination de l'éluant (même de qualité HPLC)
  • Composants fortement retenus de cycles précédents
  • Plastique dans les flacons (phtalates, PEG des capuchons)
  • Eau DI insuffisamment purifiée
✓ Solutions :
  • ✓ Renforcez le protocole de lavage : 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cycles)
  • ✓ Lavage puissant : DMSO 100% ou MeOH 100% avant la calibration
  • ✓ Filtrez les éluants à 0.22 µm PTFE en cas de doute
  • ✓ Utilisez du verre ambré + des capuchons à revêtement Téflon pour les échantillons
  • ✓ Rampe de gradient périodique jusqu'à 100% B pendant 10 min (nettoyage)
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
  2. Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
  3. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
  4. Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
  7. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
  9. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
  10. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
🧪 Solubilité et compatibilité avec les solvants MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molécule
L-Tryptophan
Formule
C11H12N2O2
logP (XLogP3)
-1.10
Masse (g/mol)
204.22
Polarité
Hydrophile (polaire)

⚠️ Estimation HSP (littérature / contribution de groupes). Données indicatives — ne remplacent pas les études expérimentales.

Ra < R₀ = dobra mieszalność · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = graniczna · powyżej = słaba (R₀ — promień sfery Hansena tej molekuły) Dla tej molekuły R₀ = 8.

Solvant Compat. Ra Visuel GC-MS HPLC Applications Références
Water (H₂O)13.4 g/L (pomiar)30.6
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
tamponculture cellulaireanalytiqueextraction (hydrophile)
Ethanol (EtOH)− Faible13.0
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopie (UV-Vis)synthèsemodificateur HPLC
Methanol (MeOH)− Faible15.7
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone− Faible15.5
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecristallisationdégraissagesynthèse
Acetonitrile (ACN)− Faible18.4
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
éluant HPLC (référence absolue)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)analyse des peptides
DMSO~ Moy.11.2
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)biologie cellulaire (cryoconservation)administration de médicamentssynthèse
THF− Faible13.3
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (analyse des polymères)synthèse de Grignardorganométalliques
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)− Faible12.4
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScristallisation (anti-solvant)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)− Faible14.3
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)extraction des lipides (méthode de Folch)NP-TLC
Hexane− Faible23.0
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCextraction des huiles (lipides)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Faible17.6
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthèseséchage azéotropique Dean-Stark
📚 Références scientifiques pour les solvants (Chicago Author-Date) — cliquez pour développer

11 solvants · 54 citations complètes (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — ci-dessous.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Théorie de la solubilité (appliquée à la prédiction de la compatibilité) :
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Triplet HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formule Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Ensemble tabulaire complet de 250+ solvants (ε, μ, donicité, nombres accepteurs).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 73-22-3 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliographie complète dans l'accordéon RÉFÉRENCES (en bas de la page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🧮 Calculateurs de laboratoire (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarité (M=n/V)
Tampon pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Moles
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Température C↔F↔K

Formules vérifiées : IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bases de spectres spectroscopiques MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Générateur de protocole de laboratoire MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocole généré à partir de : GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Générateur d'étiquette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
L-tryptophane• L-tryptophan / tryptophan• CAS: 73-22-3• Formule: C11H12N2O2• Masse: 204.22 g/molDH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.N° de lot: Masse nette: Fabr.:
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
Chargement des prédictions ADMET…
🧪 Assistant de préparation de solution (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Saisissez ce que vous souhaitez préparer — je générerai un SOP

Exemples ci-dessous — cliquez pour insérer :
Recettes prédéfinies :
📚 Aperçu de la littérature scientifique — CAS 73-22-3MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Principales découvertes (littérature scientifique) 7 publications
🏆 CAS 73-22-3 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% actualité · 20% thème · 15% historique · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Massimo E. Maffei (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
    Pourquoi c'est important : 227 citations · revue · open access
    SCORE 13.92 Revue Citations : 227 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Václav Pokorný, Vojtěch Štejfa, Jakub Havlín et al. (2021) · Molecules
    Pourquoi c'est important : Open access
    SCORE 9.08 Mécanisme Citations : 14 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Dukes A; Davis C; El Refaey M et al. (2015) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
    Pourquoi c'est important : Citation obligatoire (canon)
    SCORE 7.19 Pharmacologie MUST-CITE Citations : 78 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Miao H, Zhang SJ, Wu X et al. (2025) · International journal of biological sciences
    Pourquoi c'est important : Récente (2025) · revue · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Revue Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    Tian Y; Meng J; Zhang D et al. (2025) · Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
    Pourquoi c'est important : Citation obligatoire (canon) · récente (2025)
    SCORE 4.8 Pharmacologie MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Liu ZQ, Ciudad MT, McGaha TL (2025) · Trends in cancer
    Pourquoi c'est important : Récente (2025) · revue
    SCORE 4.8 Revue DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    Jian Li, Zu-Pei Liang, Xi-Shi Tai (2009) · Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures
    Pourquoi c'est important : Open access
    SCORE 4.75 Mécanisme Citations : 1 Open Access DOI ↗
📈 Gradient HPLC — optimiseur (LSS) MODÈLE

Gradient basé sur PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, chap. 9).

  • Colonne: C18
  • Tampon: phosphate
  • Débit: 1 mL/min
  • logP: -1.1 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Rampe: 5% → 95% B, 10 min
  • Temps d'analyse total: 23 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Commentaire
0 95 5 1 début (équilibre)
2 95 5 1 fin du palier initial
12 5 95 1 fin de la rampe LSS
17 5 95 1 lavage de la colonne
18 95 5 1 retour à init
23 95 5 1 rééquilibrage
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/73-22-3

🌈 Détecteur + longueur d'onde (UV/Vis) 280 nm
ComposéL-Tryptophan
λmax280 nm
λmin250 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)5 500
Solvant (référence)water
λ suggérée280 nm
Détecteur recommandéUV
AlternativesPDA/DAD, MS, FLD

Source de données: Skoog 2017

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) 10 refs

METODA Bibliographie de la méthode

  1. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. "Principles of Instrumental Analysis." 7th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  2. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. "UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications." Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-77479-9. →
  3. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-41138-4.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. →
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. →
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  7. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 →
  8. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 →
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. →
  10. Kim, Sunghwan, et al.. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51: D1373-D1380 →

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/detector/73-22-3

📐 Calculateur de symétrie de pic HPLC (USP Tf / As)

Calculez le facteur de traînée USP (T) et l'asymétrie (As) à partir des demi-largeurs du pic. Saisissez a (demi-largeur gauche) et b (demi-largeur droite) mesurées à 5% ou 10% de la hauteur du pic.

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calculateur de résolution et de nombre de plateaux (Rs, N, H)

Calculez la résolution Rs, le nombre de plateaux théoriques N et la HETP (H) pour une paire de pics HPLC. Saisissez les temps de rétention, les largeurs de pic (à 50% ou à la base) et la longueur de la colonne.

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
🧪 Conformité du système — calculateur en direct (USP <621>)

Saisissez les données de 5-6 injections (aires, tr, traînée, plateaux) — le calculateur calcule le %RSD, les moyennes et vérifie la conformité à l'USP <621>. Vous pouvez coller un CSV (séparé par des virgules) ou modifier des valeurs individuelles.

📚 Références (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
⚗️ Jonizacja w funkcji pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)MolGod_PHION_1

Typ: Amfoteryczny · pKa: 2.46 · pKa2: 9.41

024681012140%50%100%% zjonizowany% niejonowypH
pH% jonowy% niejonowy
099.7 %0.3 %
274.3 %25.7 %
42.8 %97.2 %
60.1 %99.9 %
83.7 %96.3 %
1079.6 %20.4 %
1299.7 %0.3 %
14100.0 %0.0 %
Źródła dla tej substancji (12)
  • CRC Handbook 91st ed.
    Lide, David R., ed. 2010. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • CRC Handbook 105th ed.
    Rumble, John R., Thomas J. Bruno, Maria J. Doa, and Donald R. Burgess, eds. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • NIST WebBook — link
    Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  • PubChem CID 6305 — link
    Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. PubChem CID 6305.
  • DrugBank DB00150 — link
    Knox, Craig, Mike Wilson, Christen M. Klinger, Mark Franklin, Eponine Oler, Alex Wilson, Allison Pon, et al. 2024. "DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1265-D1275. DrugBank ID DB00150.
  • ChEMBL CHEMBL54976 — link
    Zdrazil, Barbara, Eloy Felix, Fiona Hunter, Emma J. Manners, James Blackshaw, Sybilla Corbett, Marleen de Veij, et al. 2024. "The ChEMBL Database in 2023." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1180-D1192. ChEMBL ID CHEMBL54976.
  • KEGG COMPOUND C00078 — link
    Kanehisa, Minoru, Miho Furumichi, Yoko Sato, Masayuki Kawashima, and Mari Ishiguro-Watanabe. 2023. "KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D587-D592.
  • IUPAC
    Serjeant, E. P., and Boyd Dempsey. 1979. Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • IUPAC
    Perrin, Douglas D. 1965. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC. London: Butterworths.
  • NIST
    Goldberg, Robert N., Nand Kishore, and Rebecca Lennen. 2002. "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231-370.
  • Textbook
    Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bibliografia metody (Chicago)
  • Henderson, L. J. 1908. "Concerning the Relationship between the Strength of Acids and Their Capacity to Preserve Neutrality." American Journal of Physiology 21 (4): 173-179.
  • Hasselbalch, K. A. 1917. "Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der freien und gebundenen Kohlensäure desselben." Biochemische Zeitschrift 78: 112-144.
  • Po, Henry N., and N. M. Senozan. 2001. "The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations." Journal of Chemical Education 78 (11): 1499-1503.
  • Avdeef, Alex. 2012. "Absorption and Drug Development: Solubility, Permeability, and Charge State." 2nd ed. Wiley.
  • Avdeef, Alex. 2007. "Solubility of sparingly-soluble ionizable drugs." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59 (7): 568-590.
  • Volgyi, Gergely, et al. 2007. "Potentiometric and spectrophotometric pKa determination of water-insoluble compounds." Analytica Chimica Acta 583 (2): 418-428.
  • Fini, Adamo, Giuseppe Fazio, and Giuseppina Feroci. 1997. "Solubility and solubilization properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 70 (4): 305-318.
  • Mauger, John W., Anthony N. Paruta, and Robert J. Gerraughty. 1972. "Solubilities of sulfadiazine, sulfisomidine, and sulfadimethoxine." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61 (1): 94-97.
  • Lyman, Warren J., William F. Reehl, and David H. Rosenblatt. 1990. "Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods." American Chemical Society.
  • Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. "The Properties of Solvents." Wiley.
  • Serjeant, E. P., and Boyd Dempsey. 1979. Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Perrin, Douglas D. 1965. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC. London: Butterworths.
  • Goldberg, Robert N., Nand Kishore, and Rebecca Lennen. 2002. "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231-370.
  • Rumble, John R., Thomas J. Bruno, Maria J. Doa, and Donald R. Burgess, eds. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Lide, David R., ed. 2010. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380.
  • Knox, Craig, Mike Wilson, Christen M. Klinger, Mark Franklin, Eponine Oler, Alex Wilson, Allison Pon, et al. 2024. "DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1265-D1275.
  • Zdrazil, Barbara, Eloy Felix, Fiona Hunter, Emma J. Manners, James Blackshaw, Sybilla Corbett, Marleen de Veij, et al. 2024. "The ChEMBL Database in 2023." Nucleic Acids Research 52 (D1): D1180-D1192.
  • Kanehisa, Minoru, Miho Furumichi, Yoko Sato, Masayuki Kawashima, and Mari Ishiguro-Watanabe. 2023. "KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D587-D592.
  • Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  • Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
📈 Prédicteur de spectre UV-VIS (200-400 nm) λmax 280 nm MolGod_UVVIS_1
0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400280 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
ComposéL-Tryptophan
λmax280 nm
λmin250 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)5 500
Solvant (requête)water
Solvant (référence)water
Concentration (M)1e-4
Longueur du trajet optique (cm)1
FWHM de la courbe60 nm

Modèle : courbe de Gauss centrée sur λmax avec mise à l'échelle selon la loi de Beer-Lambert A = ε · c · l. Transmittance T = 10^(-A) · 100%.

📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Adámez-Rodríguez S; Marina ML; Castro-Puyana M. 2026. "Simultaneous enantiomeric separation of tryptophan-related metabolites by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Application to the chiral analysis of kynurenine and tryptophan in urine samples." Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129731. [DOI]
  2. Tanács D; Németi G; Berkecz R; Bozsó Z; Tóth GK; Lindner W. 2026. "Comparative study of zwitterionic Cinchonane-based ion-exchangers for liquid chromatographic enantioseparations of free fluorinated tryptophanes: mechanistic and thermodynamic insights under green mobile phase conditions." Journal of chromatography. A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466811. [DOI]
  3. Genitoni M; Greco P; Paradisi A; Sensi M; Berto M; Murgia M. 2026. "Discrimination of Tryptophan Enantiomers at Sub-pm Level by Multiparametric Analysis of a Label-Free Organic Immunosensor." Small methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500545. [DOI]
  4. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto-Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Gropp J, Anguita M, Cionci NB, Innocenti ML, Pettenati E, Revez J, Firmino JP.. 2025. "Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced using <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>KCCM 80346 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)." . https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9795. [DOI]
  5. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto-Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Tosti L, Anguita M, Bozzi Cionci N, Firmino JP, Innocenti ML, Tarrés-Call J, Pettenati E.. 2025. "Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced with <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> KCCM 80346 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)." . https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9327. [DOI]
  6. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Herman L, Anguita M, Innocenti ML, Tarrés-Call J, Pettenati E.. 2024. "Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan (produced with <i>Escherichia coli</i>CGMCC 7.460) for all animal species (Kempex Holland B.V.)." . https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8707. [DOI]
  7. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  8. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  9. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  10. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  11. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  12. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  13. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  14. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  15. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  16. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  17. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  18. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  19. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  20. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  21. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  22. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.

📖 Wartość λmax = 280 nm pochodzi z bazy/literatury. Brak niezależnego potwierdzenia krzyżowego (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — weryfikacja krzyżowa niedostępna.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/73-22-3?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

🔄 Analiza chiralna / enancjomery chiralnaMolGod_CHIRAL_1

Stereochemia, skręcalność właściwa i rekomendowana kolumna chiralna HPLC dla CAS 73-22-3 (CIP per Cahn-Ingold-Prelog 1966).

Données prédictives — configuration CIP déterminée à partir de la structure SMILES. Le pouvoir rotatoire spécifique et le choix de la colonne sont des valeurs estimées. Vérifiez avec ChemSpider/PubChem et un spectre CD avant toute utilisation analytique.

Centra stereogeniczne
1
Konfiguracja
(S) — konfiguracja absolutna (CIP)
Skręcalność właściwa [α]D20
-33,70°
(−) lewoskrętne • rozp.: H2O • c=1, 25°C
Rekomendowana kolumna HPLC
Chirobiotic T (teicoplanin)
Faza ruchoma (eluent)
EtOH / 0.1% TEAA buffer pH 4.0 (20:80)
Bibliographie (Chicago auteur-date)
  • Eliel, Ernest L., Samuel H. Wilen, and Lewis N. Mander. 1994. "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds." New York: Wiley.
  • Cahn, Robert S., Christopher Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog. 1966. "Specification of Molecular Chirality." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 5 (4): 385-415. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196603851.
  • Subramanian, Ganapathy, ed. 2007. "Chiral Separation Techniques: A Practical Approach." 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • Francotte, Eric, and Wolfgang Lindner, eds. 2006. "Chirality in Drug Research." Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
  • U.S. FDA. 1992. "FDA's Policy Statement for the Development of New Stereoisomeric Drugs." Chirality 4 (5): 338-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.530040513.
  • Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
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Bibliographie étendue — 6 sources (PubMed/CrossRef/EuropePMC)
  • PUBAdámez-Rodríguez S; Marina ML; Castro-Puyana M. 2026. "Simultaneous enantiomeric separation of tryptophan-related metabolites by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Application to the chiral analysis of kynurenine and tryptophan in urine samples." Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129731.
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  • EUREFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto-Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Tosti L, Anguita M, Bozzi Cionci N, Firmino JP, Innocenti ML, Tarrés-Call J, Pettenati E.. 2025. "Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced with <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> KCCM 80346 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)." . https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9327.
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📚 RÉFÉRENCES (Bibliographie agrégée, Chicago Author-Date) 126 éléments

Toutes les sources scientifiques citées dans les accordéons ci-dessus pour le CAS 73-22-3. Format : Chicago Manual of Style, 17e éd., système Auteur-Date.

🗄️ Bases de données scientifiques

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 73-22-3. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 73-22-3. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=73-22-3.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 73-22-3. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  5. U.S. EPA. n.d. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: CAS 73-22-3. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5021419.

📐 Normes / Lignes directrices

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Livres

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Articles scientifiques (évalués par les pairs)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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L-Tryptofan, CAS 73-22-3

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