Kwas ftalowy, CAS 88-99-3 – odczynnik, CAS 88-99-3 — etykieta produktu chemicznego

Kwas ftalowy, CAS 88-99-3 – odczynnik

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MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 02.08.2026
🧬 3D-molecuulvisualisator
Molecuul laden...
3D-model Phthalic Acid, CAS 88-99-3, molecuulformule C8H6O4, molaire massa 166.13 g/mol
Chemisch overzicht: Phthalic AcidMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
MolecuulformuleC8H6O4[1]
Molecuulmassa166.13 g/mol[1]
Dichtheid1.6 g/cm³[1]
LogP (lipofiliteit)0.7[1]
IUPAC-naamphthalic acid[1]
SMILESC1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)O)C(=O)O[1]
InChIKeyXNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synoniemen: phthalic acid · 88-99-3 · 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid · o-phthalic acid · benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

Gegevensbronnen: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Laatst bijgewerkt: 2026-08-07

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (1 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Molecuulformule · Molecuulmassa · Dichtheid · LogP (lipofiliteit) · IUPAC-naam · SMILES · InChIKey
📊 Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen

Snel overzicht

Formule: C8H6O4
MW: 166.13 g/mol
CAS: 88-99-3
Uiterlijk: Kleurloze kristallen

Gedetailleerde eigenschappen

Eigenschap Waarde Eenheid Condities Bron
Dichtheid (ρ) 1.6000[1] g/cm³ 20 °C No primary source
Smeltpunt (mp) 410 to 211.1 °C (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)[1] PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Kookpunt (bp) Decomposes (NTP, 1992)[1] PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Vlampunt 167.8 °C (NTP, 1992)[1] PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Dampdruk 0.00000064 [mmHg][1] PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Wateroplosbaarheid 7.010 g/L 25 °C No primary source
🔬 Geavanceerde eigenschappen

Chemische identificatoren

SMILES: C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)O)C(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H6O4/c9-7(10)5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)12/h1-4H,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)
InChIKey: XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Gegevensbronnen: PubChem (NIH/NLM)

Laatst bijgewerkt: niet bevestigd

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (1 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Dichtheid (ρ) · Smeltpunt (mp) · Kookpunt (bp) · Vlampunt · Dampdruk
Regelgevingsstatus van de stof
Deze stof is onderworpen aan reglementaire vereisten: beheer van gevaarlijke afvalstoffen (BDO-register). Details in de sectie "Regelgevingsstatus (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" en op de SDS. Regelgevingsinformatie — beperkt de aankoop in deze winkel niet.
🧮 StoichiometrierekenmachineMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Externe identificatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
15 van 16 ID-systemen94%
DatabaseIdentificatorActies
CAS Registry Number88-99-3Openen →
PubChem CID1017[1]Openen →
InChIKeyXNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Openen →
InChIInChI=1S/C8H6O4/c9-7(10)5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)12/h1…[1]
SMILESC1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)O)C(=O)O[1]
EC Number201-873-2[2]Openen →
ChEMBLCHEMBL1045[3]Openen →
DrugBankDB02746Openen →
KEGG CompoundC01606Openen →
HMDBHMDB0002107Openen →
ChemSpider992[4]Openen →
CompTox DTXSID (EPA)DTXSID8021484[5]Openen →
UNII (FDA)6O7F7IX66EOpenen →
NSC Number (NCI)5348Openen →
WikiData QIDQ423876Openen →

Bronnen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (5 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ dotyczy: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider
  5. U.S. EPA. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard — ToxCast/Tox21 high-throughput screening bioactivity summary (testing coverage, not a hazard finding). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ↗ dotyczy: CompTox DTXSID (EPA)
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 88-99-3MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Databases met spectroscopische spectra — inline-gegevens 9 bronnen MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra worden op aanvraag opgehaald uit 9 bronnen. Elk spectrum wordt opgeslagen in onze database — de volgende keer openen = geen enkele aanvraag naar de externe API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG bij elk spectrum zonder te zoeken.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

De gegevens worden eenmalig opgehaald (JCAMP-DX-parser) en opgeslagen in de lokale database van de plug-in. Geen dubbele downloads, geen NIST-verzoeken bij volgende keren openen. Licenties worden gerespecteerd (alleen een deeplink en een eigen visualisatie worden gepubliceerd).

🔬 Interactieve spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Gegevens worden live opgehaald uit meerdere bronnen (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG beschikbaar om te downloaden onder elk spectrum.

IR — Fourier-transform infrarood

IR — Fourier-transform infrarood wordt geladen…

MS — massaspectrometrie (EI 70eV)

MS — massaspectrometrie (EI 70eV) wordt geladen…

📐 Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen (database) 4 velden MolGod-score: Geen bron
Eigenschap Waarde Eenheid Conditions Source
Wateroplosbaarheid 7.010 g/L 25°C No primary source
Dichtheid (ρ) 1.6000 [1] g/cm³ 20°C No primary source
Vlampunt 167.80 [1] °C closed cup No primary source
logP (octanol/water) 0.700 [1] — 25°C No primary source
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (1 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Dichtheid (ρ) · Vlampunt · logP (octanol/water)
🔄 Omrekenaar voor concentratie-eenheden LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Voer de concentratie Phthalic Acid in een willekeurige eenheid in — de rest wordt automatisch berekend.

MW: 166.13 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversieformules + citaten (per formule)
ConversieFormuleNauwkeurigheidBron
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografie (8 gezaghebbende bronnen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Wizard voor het bereiden van oplossingen WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Selecteer concentratie
② Doelvolume
③ Oplosmiddel

Berekeningen volgens: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Veiligheid — CAS 88-99-3MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Mededeling over gegevensbeperkingen. De veiligheidsinformatie op deze pagina is uitsluitend ter informatie en vervangt geen volledig veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS). Raadpleeg vóór gebruik van het product het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad van de fabrikant en de GHS/CLP-richtlijnen. De CLP-indeling geldt voor de zuivere bulkstof, niet voor commerciële formuleringen.

GHS/CLP-indeling — Verordening (EG) nr. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Waarschuwing (Warning)
GHS07 — Irriterend / schadelijk
GHS07 Irriterend / schadelijk

🚨 Gevarenaanduidingen (H)

  • H319 — Veroorzaakt ernstige oogirritatie.
  • H335 — Kan irritatie van de luchtwegen veroorzaken.

🛡 Voorzorgsmaatregelen (P)

  • P261 — Inademing van stof/rook/gas/nevel/dampen/spuitnevel vermijden.
  • P264 — Na het werken met dit product … grondig wassen.
  • P271 — Alleen buiten of in een goed geventileerde ruimte gebruiken.
  • P280 — Beschermende handschoenen/beschermende kleding/oogbescherming/gelaatsbescherming dragen.
  • P304+P340 — NA INADEMING: De persoon in de frisse lucht brengen en ervoor zorgen dat deze gemakkelijk kan ademen.
  • P305+P351+P338 — BIJ CONTACT MET DE OGEN: Voorzichtig afspoelen met water gedurende een aantal minuten.; Contactlenzen verwijderen, indien mogelijk; blijven spoelen.
  • P312 — Bij onwel voelen een ANTIGIFCENTRUM/arts/… raadplegen.
  • P337+P313 — Bij aanhoudende oogirritatie: Een arts raadplegen.
  • P403+P233 — Op een goed geventileerde plaats bewaren.: In goed gesloten verpakking bewaren.
  • P405 — Achter slot bewaren.
  • P501 — Inhoud/verpakking afvoeren naar …

⚠ Indeling op basis van een consensus van bronnen (PubChem / kennisgevingen van leveranciers) — niet geverifieerd tegen de geharmoniseerde indeling in bijlage VI (CLP). De omvang van de gevaren kan ruimer zijn dan de officiële indeling; verifieer vóór gebruik aan de hand van het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad van de leverancier.

Vertalingen: CLP-verordening (EG) 1272/2008, Bijlage III en IV. Gegevens: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Geconsolideerde wetenschappelijke referenties — Chicago Author-Date 10 bronnen

Referenties verzameld uit alle tabbladen van de Safety Hub. CAS: 88-99-3 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regelgeving
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabbladen met eigen referenties (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) bevatten aanvullende bibliografische vermeldingen binnen hun respectieve secties.

📈 Analytische statistiek (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Plak een reeks herhaalde metingen (CSV of één getal per regel). De calculator berekent het gemiddelde, de standaardafwijking en 95% CI, en detecteert uitschieters (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Scheidingsteken: komma, spatie, tab, nieuwe regel. Minimaal 3 metingen.
📐 Statistische formules
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — rekenkundig gemiddelde
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — steekproefvariantie
  • s = √s² — standaardafwijking
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relatieve standaardafwijking
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Bron: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Bufferrecept-calculator UNIEK
Literatuur: pKa-waarden uit Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Kies een buffer uit de lijst van 20 populaire systemen → voer de streef-pH in → ontvang een exact recept met de af te wegen massa's.

Stap 1: Kies een buffersysteem

📜 Receptgeschiedenis (laatste 10)
🧪 Oplosbaarheid en compatibiliteit met oplosmiddelen MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecuul
Phthalic Acid
Formule
C8H6O4
logP (XLogP3)
0.70
Massa (g/mol)
166.13
Polariteit
Matig

⚠️ GC-schatting (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen). Geen HSP-literatuurgegevens voor deze CAS — nauwkeurigheid ±2 MPa½. Experimenteel verifiëren.

Oplosmiddel Compat. Ra Visueel GC-MS HPLC Toepassingen Referenties
Water (H₂O)7 g/L (pomiar)—
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercelkweekanalytischextractie (hydrofiel)
Ethanol (EtOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractiespectroscopie (UV-Vis)syntheseHPLC-modifier
Methanol (MeOH)——brak podstawy✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone——brak podstawy✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacekristallisatieontvettingsynthese
Acetonitrile (ACN)——brak podstawy✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC-eluens (gouden standaard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)peptideanalyse
DMSO——brak podstawy✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)celbiologie (cryopreservatie)medicijnafgiftesynthese
THF——brak podstawy✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymeeranalyse)Grignard-syntheseorganometaalverbindingen
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractieNP-HPLCGC-MSkristallisatie (antisolvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)——brak podstawy✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipide-extractie (Folch-methode)NP-TLC
Hexane——brak podstawy✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLColie-extractie (lipiden)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene——brak podstawy✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)syntheseDean-Stark azeotrope droging
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties voor oplosmiddelen (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te vouwen

11 oplosmiddelen × 5 onafhankelijke wetenschappelijke bronnen (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ volledige citaties hieronder.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Oplosbaarheidstheorie (toegepast bij de voorspelling van compatibiliteit):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-formule.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Volledige tabellarische set van 250+ oplosmiddelen (ε, μ, doniciteit, acceptorgetallen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 88-99-3 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Volledige bibliografie in het accordeon REFERENTIES (onderaan de pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

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📚 Overzicht van de wetenschappelijke literatuur — CAS 88-99-3MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Belangrijkste bevindingen (wetenschappelijke literatuur) 20 publicaties
🏆 CAS 88-99-3 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citaties · 20% recentheid · 20% onderwerp · 15% historisch · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Huang L, Zhu X, Zhou S et al. (2021) · Toxins
    Waarom het belangrijk is: 346 citaties · overzichtsartikel · open access
    SCORE 13.17 Overzicht Citaties: 346 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    Lizhi He, Gerty Gielen, Nanthi Bolan et al. (2014) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development
    Waarom het belangrijk is: 273 citaties · open access
    SCORE 10.76 Mechanisme Citaties: 273 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Sagar Vaidya, Kunal Jain, Datta Madamwar (2017) · 3 Biotech
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Open access
    SCORE 10.76 Farmacologie Citaties: 73 Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Weigang Wang, Ting Lei, Andreas Zuend et al. (2021) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Open access
    SCORE 10.32 Mechanisme Citaties: 20 Open Access DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Durante-Rodríguez G, de Francisco-Polanco S, Fernández-Arévalo U et al. (2024) · Microbial biotechnology
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2024) · overzichtsartikel · open access
    SCORE 8.96 Overzicht Citaties: 7 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    et al. (2025) · Molecules
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 8.75 Mechanisme Citaties: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    et al. (2024) · Molecules
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    SCORE 8.48 Analytiek Citaties: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    et al. (2025) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
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    SCORE 7.95 Farmacologie Citaties: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    Akram Charfi; Alberto José Moya López; Sebastián Sánchez Villasclaras (2026) · Journal of Food Science and Technology
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.15 Industrie Citaties: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2026) · Environmental Pollution
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  11. #11
    et al. (2025) · Nanomaterials
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  13. #13
    et al. (2026) · ACS Omega
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    SCORE 6.25 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    A. V. Nazarov (2026) · Учёные записки Казанского университета: Серия Естественные науки
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanisme Open Access DOI ↗
  15. #15
    PAGANETTO, Guglielmo, Ferretti ME, PAVAN, Barbara et al. (2001) · Toxicology Letters
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Open access
    SCORE 6.15 Mechanisme Citaties: 19 Open Access DOI ↗
  16. #16
    Bang du Y; Lee IK; Lee BM (2011) · Toxicological research
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · overzichtsartikel
    SCORE 5.59 Overzicht MUST-CITE Citaties: 57 DOI ↗
  17. #17
    et al. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Recent (2024)
    SCORE 4.8 Analytiek DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    et al. (2026) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    SCORE 4 Mechanisme DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    Biochar amendment affects the fate of phthalic acid esters in the soil-vegetable system
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    SCORE 4 Farmacologie
  20. #20
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📈 HPLC-gradiënt — optimalisator (LSS) SJABLOON

Gradiënt gebaseerd op PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, hfdst. 9).

  • Kolom: C18
  • Buffer: phosphate
  • Debiet: 1 mL/min
  • logP: 0.7 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Ramp: 11% → 95% B, 10 min
  • Totale analysetijd: 23 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Opmerking
0 89 11 1 start (evenwicht)
2 89 11 1 einde van de initiële hold
12 5 95 1 einde van de LSS-ramp
17 5 95 1 kolomspoeling
18 89 11 1 terug naar init
23 89 11 1 her-equilibratie
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/88-99-3

📐 HPLC-pieksymmetriecalculator (USP Tf / As)

Bereken de USP-tailingfactor (Tf) en de asymmetrie (As) uit de piekhalfbreedtes. Voer a (linker halfbreedte) en b (rechter halfbreedte) in, gemeten op 5% of 10% van de piekhoogte.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calculator voor resolutie en schotelgetal (Rs, N, H)

Bereken de resolutie Rs, het aantal theoretische schotels N en de HETP (H) voor een paar HPLC-pieken. Voer de retentietijden, piekbreedtes (op 50% of aan de basis) en de kolomlengte in.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
🧪 System Suitability — live calculator (USP <621>)

Voer gegevens van 5-6 injecties in (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — de calculator berekent %RSD, gemiddelden en controleert de conformiteit met USP <621>. Je kunt CSV plakken (door komma's gescheiden) of afzonderlijke waarden bewerken.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
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📚 REFERENTIES (Verzamelde bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 125 items

Alle wetenschappelijke bronnen die in de accordeons hierboven voor CAS 88-99-3 worden geciteerd.Formaat: Chicago Manual of Style 17e ed., Author-Date-systeem.

🗄️ Wetenschappelijke databanken

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 88-99-3. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=88-99-3.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 88-99-3. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 88-99-3. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=88-99-3.
  4. U.S. EPA. n.d. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: CAS 88-99-3. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8021484.

📐 Standaarden / Richtlijnen

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Boeken

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Wetenschappelijke artikelen (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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Opis

Odczynnik chemiczny do zastosowan laboratoryjnych. CAS 88-99-3.