cyanocobalamine — etiket CAS 68-19-9

cyanocobalamine

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Cyjanokobalamina (B12), CAS 68-19-9

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MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v1 · 19.07.2026
Kategoria:
🧬 3D-molecuulvisualisator
Molecuul laden...
3D-model Vitamin B12, CAS 68-19-9, molecuulformule C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P, molaire massa 1355.4 g/mol

Gegevens overgenomen uit regelgevende registers en vakliteratuur, met vermelding van bron en editie. Zij vervangen niet het veiligheidsinformatieblad van de leverancier. Velden zonder vastgelegde bron zijn als zodanig gemarkeerd.

Chemisch overzicht: Vitamin B12MolGod_OVERVIEW_1
MolecuulformuleC₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P
Molecuulmassa1355.4 g/mol[1]
IUPAC-naamcobalt(3+);[(2R,3S,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2R)-1-[3-[(1R,2R,3R,4Z,7S,9Z,12S,13S,14Z,17S,18S,19R)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2,7,12,17-tetrahydro-1H-corrin-21-id-3-yl]propanoylamino]propan-2-yl] phosphate;cyanide[1]
SMILESCC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)[C@@H]3C([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)OP(=O)([O-])O[C@H](C)CNC(=O)CC[C@@]\4([C@H]([C@@H]5[C@]6([C@@]([C@@H](C(=N6)/C(=C\7/[C@@]([C@@H](C(=N7)/C=C\8/C([C@@H](C(=N8)/C(=C4\[N-]5)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CC(=O)N)C)O.[C-]#N.[Co+3][1]
InChIKeyFDJOLVPMNUYSCM-SYUKHSAKSA-L[1]

Synoniemen: vitamin B12 · 68-19-9 · Coobalamed · Vitamin B 12 · Cynobal

Gegevensbronnen: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Laatst bijgewerkt: 2026-07-11

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (1 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Molecuulmassa · IUPAC-naam · SMILES · InChIKey

🎓 Badania akademickie: 68-19-9

#1🎓Sapienza University of Rome📅 2026
Less Is More: A Physiological Dose of Vitamin B12 Enhances Neural Recovery Compared to a High Dose in…
Mathew AR; Buccini L; Proietti A; Di Matteo G; Selita E; Serangeli I.
Volledig LAB-rapport →
#2Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen📅 2026
Vitamin B12 induces memory of predation through vitellogenin provisioning
Quiobe SP; Kalirad A; Zurheide R; Witte H; Rödelsperger C; Sommer RJ.
Volledig LAB-rapport → 🎓 Universiteitspagina
#3🎓The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University📅 2026
Vitamin B12 attenuates post-ischemic brain fibrotic remodeling and suppresses MAPK1 signaling in male rats
Wu H; Zhou L; Cai X; Ren Y; Zhao Y; Yang Q.
Volledig LAB-rapport →
#4🎓Faculty of Medicine📅 2025
The Responsiveness of Breast Cancer Cells to Varied Levels of Vitamin B12, Cisplatin, and G-CSF
Aslan V, Usta DD, Yar Sağlam AS, Özet A, Sütcüoglu O, Dikmen K, Özdemir N..
Volledig LAB-rapport →

WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK

[1]PubMed2026
Nitrosylcobalamin Selectively Targets Tumors via Cobalamin Uptake and Lysosomal Processing
Bauer JA; Sysel AM. 2026. "Nitrosylcobalamin Selectively Targets Tumors via Cobalamin Uptake and Lysosomal Processing." Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition). https://doi.org/10.31083/FBE42272.
Nitric Oxide Services
Ga naar het volledige onderzoek ↗
[2]PubMed2026
Biphasic-gelled W/O/W emulsion gel for co-delivering vitamins B(12) and E: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro digestion
Wu X; Gao Y; Li L; Geng M; Teng F. 2026. "Biphasic-gelled W/O/W emulsion gel for co-delivering vitamins B(12) and E: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro digestion." Food chemistry. https://doi
Northeast Agricultural University
Ga naar het volledige onderzoek ↗
[3]EuropePMC2026
Comparative Study of B Vitamins in Multiple Tissues of Oilseed Crops and Leafty Vegetables Reveal Sesame as a…
Unknown. 2026. "Comparative Study of B Vitamins in Multiple Tissues of Oilseed Crops and Leafty Vegetables Reveal Sesame as a Valuable Resource in Vitamin B3, B6 and B12." .
Ga naar het volledige onderzoek ↗
[4]PubMed2025
Simultaneous determination of vitamin B12 and cobalt (II) in infant milk power using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass…
Tang J; Yu X; Zhao L; Zheng C; Tan Y; Wang H. 2025. "Simultaneous determination of vitamin B12 and cobalt (II) in infant milk power using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrom
Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Ga naar het volledige onderzoek ↗
📊 Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen

Snel overzicht

Formule: C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P
MW: 1355.4 g/mol
CAS: 68-19-9
🔬 Geavanceerde eigenschappen

Chemische identificatoren

SMILES: CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)[C@@H]3C([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)OP(=O)([O-])O[C@H](C)CNC(=O)CC[C@@]\4([C@H]([C@@H]5[C@]6([C@@]([C@@H](C(=N6)/C(=C\7/[C@@]([C@@H](C(=N7)/C=C\8/C([C@@H](C(=N8)/C(=C4\[N-]5)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CC(=O)N)C)O.[C-]#N.[Co+3]

Laatst bijgewerkt: 2026-07-11

Regelgevingsstatus van de stof
Geen vermeldingen voor dit CAS in de gecontroleerde beperkingslijsten (SVHC-kandidatenlijst, REACH bijlage XVII; datasets onvolledig - dit is geen bevestiging van conformiteit). CLP-classificatie en transportstatus (ADR): zie de GHS-sectie en het veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS).
🧮 StoichiometrierekenmachineMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Externe identificatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
11 van 16 ID-systemen69%
DatabaseIdentificatorActies
CAS Registry Number68-19-9Openen →
PubChem CID165339223[1]Openen →
InChIKeyFDJOLVPMNUYSCM-SYUKHSAKSA-L[1]Openen →
SMILESCC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)[C@@H]3C([C@@H]([C@H](O3)…[1]
EC Number200-680-0[2]Openen →
KEGG CompoundD00166Openen →
ChemSpider57643463[3]Openen →
MeSH UID (NLM)D014805Openen →
UNII (FDA)P6YC3EG204Openen →
NSC Number (NCI)80365Openen →
WikiData QIDQ252251Openen →

Bronnen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) (3 bronnen)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: PubChem CID · InChIKey · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ dotyczy: EC Number
  3. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ dotyczy: ChemSpider
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 68-19-9MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Databases met spectroscopische spectra — inline-gegevens 9 bronnen MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra worden op aanvraag opgehaald uit 9 bronnen. Elk spectrum wordt opgeslagen in onze database — de volgende keer openen = geen enkele aanvraag naar de externe API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG bij elk spectrum zonder te zoeken.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Klik om het spectrum te laden
🔗 Bron
— punten
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Referentiebron — geen openbare API. Openen in een externe database:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

De gegevens worden eenmalig opgehaald (JCAMP-DX-parser) en opgeslagen in de lokale database van de plug-in. Geen dubbele downloads, geen NIST-verzoeken bij volgende keren openen. Licenties worden gerespecteerd (alleen een deeplink en een eigen visualisatie worden gepubliceerd).

🔬 Interactieve spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Gegevens worden live opgehaald uit meerdere bronnen (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG beschikbaar om te downloaden onder elk spectrum.

IR — Fourier-transform infrarood

IR — Fourier-transform infrarood wordt geladen…

MS — massaspectrometrie (EI 70eV)

MS — massaspectrometrie (EI 70eV) wordt geladen…

Geen gegevens in onze database voor CAS 68-19-9.

Controleer externe bronnen:

🔄 Omrekenaar voor concentratie-eenheden LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Voer de concentratie Vitamin B12 in een willekeurige eenheid in — de rest wordt automatisch berekend.

MW: 1355.4 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversieformules + citaten (per formule)
ConversieFormuleNauwkeurigheidBron
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografie (8 gezaghebbende bronnen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Wizard voor het bereiden van oplossingen WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Selecteer concentratie
② Doelvolume
③ Oplosmiddel

Berekeningen volgens: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Veiligheid — CAS 68-19-9MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Mededeling over gegevensbeperkingen. De veiligheidsinformatie op deze pagina is uitsluitend ter informatie en vervangt geen volledig veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS). Raadpleeg vóór gebruik van het product het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad van de fabrikant en de GHS/CLP-richtlijnen. De CLP-indeling geldt voor de zuivere bulkstof, niet voor commerciële formuleringen.

Geen geharmoniseerde GHS-indeling voor deze stof — zie het actuele veiligheidsinformatieblad (SDS) van de leverancier.

📚 Geconsolideerde wetenschappelijke referenties — Chicago Author-Date 10 bronnen

Referenties verzameld uit alle tabbladen van de Safety Hub. CAS: 68-19-9 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regelgeving
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabbladen met eigen referenties (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) bevatten aanvullende bibliografische vermeldingen binnen hun respectieve secties.

📈 Analytische statistiek (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Plak een reeks herhaalde metingen (CSV of één getal per regel). De calculator berekent het gemiddelde, de standaardafwijking en 95% CI, en detecteert uitschieters (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Scheidingsteken: komma, spatie, tab, nieuwe regel. Minimaal 3 metingen.
📐 Statistische formules
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — rekenkundig gemiddelde
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — steekproefvariantie
  • s = √s² — standaardafwijking
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relatieve standaardafwijking
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Bron: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Bufferrecept-calculator UNIEK
Literatuur: pKa-waarden uit Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Kies een buffer uit de lijst van 20 populaire systemen → voer de streef-pH in → ontvang een exact recept met de af te wegen massa's.

Stap 1: Kies een buffersysteem

📜 Receptgeschiedenis (laatste 10)
📊 Validatie van de HPLC-methode (ICH Q2(R1)) PARTIAL

3 of 3 critical metrics need experimental data

Parameter Waarde Eenheid ICH Q2-criterium Status
Lineariteit (R²) geen gegevens unitless R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 voor bioanalytische methoden) —
LOD (S/N = 3:1) geen gegevens ng/mL S/N ≥ 3:1 (laagste detecteerbare concentratie) —
LOQ (S/N = 10:1) geen gegevens ng/mL S/N ≥ 10:1 (LOQ ≥ 3×LOD doorgaans) —
Precisie (RSD intraday, n=6) geen gegevens % RSD RSD ≤ 2% (intraday) / ≤ 3% (interday) voor de API —
Juistheid (recovery, 3 niveaus) geen gegevens % (target 100±2%) Recovery 98-102% (target 100%) —
Lineariteitsbereik geen gegevens bijv. 0.1-100 ng/mL Min. 80-120% van de nominale concentratie —
Selectiviteit/Specificiteit geen gegevens qualitative Geen interferentie — analytpiek volledig gescheiden (Rs ≥ 2.0) —
Robuustheid (robustness) geen gegevens RSD < 2% bij ±5% variatie RSD < 2% bij kleine parametervariaties —
Legend: ✓ PASS ⚠ CAUTION ✗ FAIL — NO_DATA
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te klappen

Standaarden voor validatie van analytische methoden — 4 onafhankelijke bronnen (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).

  1. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
  2. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
  3. AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
  5. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
  7. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
  10. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
  11. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.

· ⚠ Regelgevende waarschuwingen SVHC/REACH ↑

🔧 HPLC-troubleshooting — beslissingsboom 6 veelvoorkomende problemen

Diagnostiek van de 6 meest voorkomende HPLC-problemen met een beslissingsboom (5 stappen per probleem). Bron: Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.

Verbrede pieken (broad peaks) medium

Symptoom: Alle pieken op het chromatogram zijn breder dan verwacht (FWHM > 2× normaal)

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Controleer of alle pieken verbreed zijn of slechts sommige
    → JA: Alle → instrumenteel probleem (kolom of systeem)
    → NEE: Slechts sommige → chemisch probleem (interactie met de kolom voor specifieke analyten)
  2. 2. Verwissel met een testkolom — verdwijnt het probleem?
    → JA: KOLOM versleten — packing beschadigd, void in de eerste mm. Vervang hem.
    → NEE: Probleem in het LC-systeem
  3. 3. Controleer het dode volume (dead volume) — injectielus, verbindingen, detector
    → JA: Lus > 100 µL voor een 4.6 mm kolom of losse verbindingen → vervang de ferrules, kort de leidingen in
    → NEE: Diagnostiek voortzetten
  4. 4. Temperatuurtest: verhoog de kolom van 25°C naar 40°C
    → JA: Smallere pieken → massatransferkinetiek te traag (verhoog T)
    → NEE: Continue
  5. 5. Controleer het debiet t.o.v. het van Deemter-optimum voor deze kolom
    → JA: Optimum voor 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, voor 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Kolom versleten (>2000 injecties zonder voorkolom)
  • Dood volume van het systeem > 100 µL (verkeerde lus, lange leidingen, losse ferrules)
  • Temperatuur te laag (massatransferkinetiek)
  • Debiet buiten het van Deemter-optimum
  • Monsteroplosmiddel sterker dan mobiele fase A
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Vervang de kolom (bij >2000 injecties)
  • ✓ Controleer alle verbindingen — houd de leidingen zo kort mogelijk
  • ✓ Verhoog de kolomtemperatuur naar 40°C (als de stof stabiel is)
  • ✓ Verlaag het debiet naar het van Deemter-optimum
  • ✓ Los het monster op in mobiele fase A (niet in puur organisch)
Piektailing (tailing, T > 1.5) high

Symptoom: Pieken hebben een verlengde "staart" aan de late-elutiezijde (asymmetrie T = b/a > 1.5 volgens USP)

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Bevat de stof basische groepen (amino, pyridine)?
    → JA: Ja → silanolinteracties! Voeg 0.1% TFA of 5-10 mM TEA toe aan mobiele fase A.
    → NEE: Continue
  2. 2. Controleer de pH van de mobiele fase t.o.v. de pKa van de stof
    → JA: pH = pKa ± 1 → gedeeltelijke ionisatie, peak split. Verplaats de pH ≥ 2 eenheden weg van de pKa.
    → NEE: Continue
  3. 3. Controleer de leeftijd van de kolom (>1500 injecties?)
    → JA: Ja → blootgelegde silanolen (column bleed). Vervang door een kolom met hogere endcapping (XTerra, Symmetry).
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Bevat het monster metalen (Fe, Cu uit glazen flesjes)?
    → JA: Ja → gebruik kleurloze type II-flesjes of PFA. Voeg 0.1mM EDTA toe aan het monster.
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Silanolinteracties (basische analyt + vrije silanolen van silicagel)
  • pH op de grens van de pKa van de analyt (peak split)
  • Oude kolom (column bleed, hoge silanolactiviteit)
  • Metalen in het monster (chelatie → tailing)
  • Kolomoverbelasting (>50 µg op een 4.6mm kolom)
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Voeg 0.1% TFA (UV) of 0.1% mierenzuur (LC-MS) toe aan mobiele fase A
  • ✓ Kies een kolom met hoogzuivere endcapping: Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
  • ✓ Werk bij een pH ≥ 2 eenheden weg van de pKa
  • ✓ 0.1mM EDTA aan het monster (Fe/Cu-chelatie)
  • ✓ Verlaag het injectievolume naar ≤ 20 µL voor een 4.6mm kolom
Basislijndrift (baseline drift) medium

Symptoom: De basislijn stijgt of daalt systematisch gedurende >5 minuten

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Gebruik je een gradiënt (B% neemt toe)?
    → JA: Ja → verschillende absorptie van fasen A vs B bij dλ. Oplosmiddelwisseling in de UV-cutoff. Controleer de UV-absorptie van het % organisch.
    → NEE: Verder (isocratisch)
  2. 2. Controleer de kolomtemperatuur — is deze stabiel tot ±0.5°C?
    → JA: Ja (stabiel) → verder
    → NEE: Instabiel → schakel de kolomthermostaat in (>25°C gecontroleerd)
  3. 3. Test: schakel de autosampler uit, laat alleen pomp+kolom+detector draaien
    → JA: De drift verdwijnt → contaminatie van de autosampler (reinig de naald, het septum)
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Controleer de leeftijd van de lamp (D2 voor UV)
    → JA: Ja (>1500 uur) → vervang de lamp
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Gradiëntelutie met verschillende UV-cutoff van de fasen
  • Instabiele kolomtemperatuur
  • Autosampler-contaminatie van de naald/septum
  • UV-lamp oud (>1500h)
  • Detector-flowcel vervuild
  • Kolom niet geëquilibreerd (<10 kolomvolumes)
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Kolom voor-equilibreren gedurende 10-15 kolomvolumes bij 100% A
  • ✓ Kolomthermostaat aan, T 30-40°C stabiel
  • ✓ Reinig de detector-flowcel met een 50:50 ACN:H2O-oplossing
  • ✓ Vervang de D2-lamp indien >1500h
  • ✓ Gebruik baseline subtraction (Chromeleon, native Empower-functie)
Geen piek / verloren piek (no peak) critical

Symptoom: De verwachte analytpiek verschijnt niet op het chromatogram

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Heeft de injectie daadwerkelijk plaatsgevonden?
    → JA: Controleer het autosampler-log, de pompdruk (moet dalen tijdens de injectie)
    → NEE: Autosampler-probleem → controleer de loop, de naald, het monster in de vial
  2. 2. Zit het monster in de vial (correct volume, niet verdampt)?
    → JA: Continue
    → NEE: Geen monster — opnieuw pipetteren
  3. 3. Monsterstabiliteit — >24h geleden bereid?
    → JA: Ja → degradatie. Bereid een vers monster opnieuw.
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Controleer de detectiegolflengte t.o.v. de λmax van de stof
    → JA: Detectie bij λ komt NIET overeen met λmax → geen signaal. Scan DAD 200-400nm.
    → NEE: Continue
  5. 5. Test: injecteer een zuivere standaard (van bekende concentratie, vers)
    → JA: De standaard geeft een piek → probleem met het monster (matrix, derivatisering)
    → NEE: Ook geen piek met de standaard → systeemprobleem (kolom, fase, gradiënt)
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Monster niet uit de vial genomen (autosampler-bug)
  • Monster gedegradeerd (>24h pH/temp/licht)
  • Detectie bij de verkeerde golflengte
  • Verkeerde mobiele fase (bijv. vergeten TFA)
  • Kolom omgekeerd / verkeerde stationaire fase
  • De stof elueert op het front (V0) → niet vastgehouden, niet zichtbaar
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Bereid een vers monster opnieuw volgens het exacte protocol
  • ✓ UV-Vis DAD-scan 200-400nm + zoeken naar λmax
  • ✓ Controleer de samenstelling van de mobiele fase — is TFA toegevoegd?
  • ✓ Test de omgekeerde kolomrichting (voorzichtig!)
  • ✓ Voor retentie <1 min — verlaag de % B, MeOH in plaats van ACN
  • ✓ Controleer de verwachte retentietijd in de methodedatabase van de plug-in
Druk te hoog (pressure too high) critical

Symptoom: Pompdruk > 80% van het kolommaximum of systeem-shutdown met high-pressure error

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Controleer of de kolom correct is aangesloten (richting van de pijl)
    → JA: OK
    → NEE: Kolom omgekeerd → draai om (nooit "achterstevoren" gebruiken)
  2. 2. Test: verwijder de kolom uit het systeem, laat alleen pomp+detector draaien
    → JA: Druk daalt naar <50 bar → probleem in de kolom (verstopt)
    → NEE: Druk blijft hoog → in-line filter verstopt, frit vervuild
  3. 3. Controleer het pre-kolomfilter (in-line frit)
    → JA: Vervuild en bruin → vervangen
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Spoel de kolom terug met 50:50 ACN:H2O zonder de kolom — verdwijnt het?
    → JA: Deeltjes vast in de eerste mm — een flush van 30 min kan het herstellen
    → NEE: Vervang de kolom
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • In-line filter (frit) verstopt met deeltjes
  • Buffer salting-out (precipitatie bij hoog %B)
  • Monster bevat zwevende deeltjes (filtreer 0.22 µm vóór injectie)
  • Kolom verstopt (column bed compaction)
  • Gradiënt met bufferfase + veel organisch → zoutprecipitatie
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Filtreer het monster ALTIJD door 0.22 µm PVDF vóór injectie
  • ✓ Vervang het in-line filter elke 100 injecties (of wanneer de druk >20% stijgt)
  • ✓ Gebruik GEEN >20mM fosfaatbuffer + >70% ACN (het zout slaat neer)
  • ✓ Spoel de kolom 30 min met 50:50 ACN:H2O in de omgekeerde richting (wanneer de fabrikant dit toestaat)
  • ✓ Pre-kolom 4×3mm ter bescherming van de hoofdkolom
Spookpieken (ghost peaks) high

Symptoom: Onverklaarde pieken op het chromatogram die afwezig zijn in de kalibratie

🔍 Diagnostische boom:
  1. 1. Test: blanco injectie (zuiver monsteroplosmiddel)
    → JA: Er verschijnt een spookpiek → contaminatie van het systeem of de eluenten
    → NEE: Verschijnt alleen bij het monster → matrix
  2. 2. Groeit de spookpiek met de gradiënt (elueert bij hoog %B)?
    → JA: Ja → overladen kolom of sterk vastgehouden uit een vorige run
    → NEE: Onafhankelijk van de gradiënt → autosampler carryover
  3. 3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
    → JA: Helpt → carryover was de oorzaak. Sterker wasprotocol.
    → NEE: Continue
  4. 4. Injectie van zuiver water — is er een piek?
    → JA: Ja → contaminatie van de waterbron (organische stoffen uit het DI-systeem)
    → NEE: Continue
⚠️ Typische oorzaken:
  • Carryover in de autosampler-naald/loop
  • Contaminatie van het eluens (zelfs HPLC-grade)
  • Sterk vastgehouden componenten uit vorige runs
  • Plastic in de vials (ftalaten, PEG uit de doppen)
  • DI-water onvoldoende gezuiverd
✓ Oplossingen:
  • ✓ Versterk het wasprotocol: 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cycli)
  • ✓ Sterke was: 100% DMSO of 100% MeOH vóór de kalibratie
  • ✓ Filtreer de eluenten door 0.22 µm PTFE bij twijfel
  • ✓ Gebruik amberkleurig glas + doppen met Teflon-coating voor monsters
  • ✓ Periodieke gradiëntramp naar 100% B gedurende 10 min (clean-out)
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te klappen
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
  2. Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
  3. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
  4. Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
  7. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
  9. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
  10. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
🧪 Oplosbaarheid en compatibiliteit met oplosmiddelen MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecuul
Vitamin B12
Formule
C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P
logP (XLogP3)
—
Massa (g/mol)
1355.4
Polariteit
—

⚠️ Ionische / anorganische verbinding — de Hansen-parameters (δD/δP/δH) zijn niet van toepassing: het oplossen wordt bepaald door de kristalroosterenergie en de solvatatie van ionen, niet door moleculaire cohesie. Het HSP-blok en de Hansen-bol zijn weggelaten. HSP-afhankelijke kolommen (Compat./Ra/Visueel) zijn gemarkeerd met „n.v.t." — baseer de keuze van het oplosmiddel op experimentele gegevens.

Tabela kompatybilności rozpuszczalników niedostępna dla tej substancji.
Parametry Hansena są poza zakresem metody, więc odległości Ra nie da się policzyć, a w bazie nie ma pomiaru rozpuszczalności, którym można by je zastąpić. Zamiast jedenastu ocen bez podstawy nie pokazujemy żadnej. Dobór rozpuszczalnika oprzyj na karcie charakterystyki i danych eksperymentalnych.
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties voor oplosmiddelen (Chicago Author-Date) — klik om uit te vouwen

11 oplosmiddelen · 54 volledige citaties (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — hieronder.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Oplosbaarheidstheorie (toegepast bij de voorspelling van compatibiliteit):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-formule.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Volledige tabellarische set van 250+ oplosmiddelen (ε, μ, doniciteit, acceptorgetallen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 68-19-9 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Volledige bibliografie in het accordeon REFERENTIES (onderaan de pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🧮 Laboratoriumcalculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdunning (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molariteit (M=n/V)
pH-buffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Mol
Concentratie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatuur C↔F↔K

Geverifieerde formules: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopische spectradatabases MolGod_SPECDB_3
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Cyanocobalamine• vitamin B12• CAS: 68-19-9• Formule: C63H88CoN14O14P• Massa: 1355.4 g/molDH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.Batchnr.: Nettogewicht: Prod.:
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📚 Overzicht van de wetenschappelijke literatuur — CAS 68-19-9MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Belangrijkste bevindingen (wetenschappelijke literatuur) 10 publicaties
🏆 CAS 68-19-9 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citaties · 20% recentheid · 20% onderwerp · 15% historisch · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Hodgkin, D.C.; Kamper, J.; Mackay, M.; Pickworth, J.; Trueblood, K.N.; White, J.G. (1956) · Nature
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · grote impact (1280 citaties) · historisch artikel (1956)
    SCORE 12.37 Historisch MUST-CITE Citaties: 1280 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Banerjee, R.; Ragsdale, S.W. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · grote impact (1180 citaties)
    SCORE 12.27 Mechanisme MUST-CITE Citaties: 1180 DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Green, R.; Allen, L.H.; Bjørke-Monsen, A.L.; Brito, A.; Guéant, J.L. et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 540 citaties
    SCORE 12.1 Farmacologie MUST-CITE Citaties: 540 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Woodward, R.B. (1973) · Pure and Applied Chemistry
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 890 citaties
    SCORE 11.9 Historisch MUST-CITE Citaties: 890 DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Rickes, E.L.; Brink, N.G.; Koniuszy, F.R.; Wood, T.R.; Folkers, K. (1948) · Science
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 680 citaties · historisch artikel (1948)
    SCORE 11.55 Historisch MUST-CITE Citaties: 680 DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Stabler, S.P. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 820 citaties
    SCORE 11.44 Farmacologie MUST-CITE Citaties: 820 DOI ↗
  7. #7
    Wolffenbuttel, B.H.R.; Wouters, H.J.C.M.; Heiner-Fokkema, M.R.; van der Klauw, M.M. (2018) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 280 citaties · overzichtsartikel
    SCORE 9.75 Overzicht MUST-CITE Citaties: 280 DOI ↗
  8. #8
    Martens, J.H.; Barg, H.; Warren, M.J.; Jahn, D. (2010) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 480 citaties
    SCORE 8.05 Industrie MUST-CITE Citaties: 480 DOI ↗
  9. #9
    Yamada, K.; Kawata, T.; Wada, M.; Isshiki, T.; Onoda, J. et al. (2002) · Methods in Enzymology
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 210 citaties
    SCORE 7.77 Analytiek MUST-CITE Citaties: 210 DOI ↗
  10. #10
    Pawlak, R.; Parrott, S.J.; Raj, S.; Cullum-Dugan, D.; Lucus, D. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews
    Waarom het belangrijk is: Verplicht citaat (canon) · 340 citaties
    SCORE 7.6 Analytiek MUST-CITE Citaties: 340 DOI ↗
📈 HPLC-gradiënt — optimalisator (LSS) SJABLOON

logP onbekend — PubChem heeft geen XLogP-waarde geretourneerd. De onderstaande gradiënt is een generiek sjabloon 5–95% MeCN/H2O in 15 min; controleer de parameters vóór gebruik.

⚠ logP niet beschikbaar. PubChem heeft geen XLogP3-eigenschap voor dit CAS-nummer geretourneerd. De onderstaande gradiëntwaarden zijn een generiek sjabloon — geen op de verbinding aangepaste LSS-fit.
  • Kolom: C18
  • Buffer: phosphate
  • Debiet: 1 mL/min
  • logP: logP niet beschikbaar
  • Ramp: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Totale analysetijd: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Opmerking
0 79 21 1 start (evenwicht)
2 79 21 1 einde van de initiële hold
17 5 95 1 einde van de LSS-ramp
22 5 95 1 kolomspoeling
23 79 21 1 terug naar init
28 79 21 1 her-equilibratie
📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/68-19-9

🌈 Detector + golflengte (UV/Vis) 361 nm
VerbindingVitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
λmax361 nm
λmin280 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)28 100
Oplosmiddel (referentie)water
Voorgestelde λ361 nm
Aanbevolen detectorUV
AlternatievenPDA/DAD, MS, FLD

Gegevensbron: Perkampus 1992

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date) 10 refs

METODA Methodebibliografie

  1. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. "Principles of Instrumental Analysis." 7th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  2. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. "UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications." Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-77479-9. →
  3. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-41138-4.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. →
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. →
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  7. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 →
  8. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 →
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. →
  10. Kim, Sunghwan, et al.. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51: D1373-D1380 →

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/detector/68-19-9

📐 HPLC-pieksymmetriecalculator (USP Tf / As)

Bereken de USP-tailingfactor (Tf) en de asymmetrie (As) uit de piekhalfbreedtes. Voer a (linker halfbreedte) en b (rechter halfbreedte) in, gemeten op 5% of 10% van de piekhoogte.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
📊 Calculator voor resolutie en schotelgetal (Rs, N, H)

Bereken de resolutie Rs, het aantal theoretische schotels N en de HETP (H) voor een paar HPLC-pieken. Voer de retentietijden, piekbreedtes (op 50% of aan de basis) en de kolomlengte in.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
🧪 System Suitability — live calculator (USP <621>)

Voer gegevens van 5-6 injecties in (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — de calculator berekent %RSD, gemiddelden en controleert de conformiteit met USP <621>. Je kunt CSV plakken (door komma's gescheiden) of afzonderlijke waarden bewerken.

📚 Referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
📈 UV-VIS-spectrumvoorspeller (200-400 nm) λmax 361 nm MolGod_UVVIS_1
0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400361 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
VerbindingVitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
λmax361 nm
λmin280 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)28 100
Oplosmiddel (query)water
Oplosmiddel (referentie)water
Concentratie (M)1e-4
Weglengte (cm)1
FWHM van de curve80 nm

Model: gausscurve gecentreerd op λmax, geschaald volgens de wet van Beer-Lambert A = ε · c · l. Transmissie T = 10^(-A) · 100%.

📚 Wetenschappelijke referenties (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Mathew AR; Buccini L; Proietti A; Di Matteo G; Selita E; Serangeli I. 2026. "Less Is More: A Physiological Dose of Vitamin B12 Enhances Neural Recovery Compared to a High Dose in an H₂O₂-Stressed SH-SY5Y Neural-Like Cell Model." Molecular neurobiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05841-9. [DOI]
  2. Quiobe SP; Kalirad A; Zurheide R; Witte H; Rödelsperger C; Sommer RJ. 2026. "Vitamin B12 induces memory of predation through vitellogenin provisioning." Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71494-w. [DOI]
  3. Bauer JA; Sysel AM. 2026. "Nitrosylcobalamin Selectively Targets Tumors via Cobalamin Uptake and Lysosomal Processing." Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition). https://doi.org/10.31083/FBE42272. [DOI]
  4. Wu H; Zhou L; Cai X; Ren Y; Zhao Y; Yang Q. 2026. "Vitamin B12 attenuates post-ischemic brain fibrotic remodeling and suppresses MAPK1 signaling in male rats." Brain research bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.111847. [tło tematyczne — CAS niezweryfikowany w tej publikacji] [DOI]
  5. Wu X; Gao Y; Li L; Geng M; Teng F. 2026. "Biphasic-gelled W/O/W emulsion gel for co-delivering vitamins B(12) and E: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro digestion." Food chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148053. [DOI]
  6. Unknown. 2026. "Comparative Study of B Vitamins in Multiple Tissues of Oilseed Crops and Leafty Vegetables Reveal Sesame as a Valuable Resource in Vitamin B3, B6 and B12." .
  7. Tang J; Yu X; Zhao L; Zheng C; Tan Y; Wang H. 2025. "Simultaneous determination of vitamin B12 and cobalt (II) in infant milk power using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Scientific reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27805-0. [tło tematyczne — CAS niezweryfikowany w tej publikacji] [DOI]
  8. Aslan V, Usta DD, Yar Sağlam AS, Özet A, Sütcüoglu O, Dikmen K, Özdemir N.. 2025. "The Responsiveness of Breast Cancer Cells to Varied Levels of Vitamin B12, Cisplatin, and G-CSF." . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189086. [DOI]
  9. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  10. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  11. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  12. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  13. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  14. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  15. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  16. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  17. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  18. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  19. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  20. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  21. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  22. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  23. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  24. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.

📖 Wartość λmax = 361 nm pochodzi z bazy/literatury. Brak niezależnego potwierdzenia krzyżowego (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — weryfikacja krzyżowa niedostępna.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/68-19-9?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

📤 Voeg dit molecuul in op uw site

Heeft u een blog, forum of wetenschappelijke dienst? Voeg het interactieve 3D-molecuul in op uw website — elke lezer ziet het,met daaronder een link naar onze winkel waar hij het reagens kan kopen.

🔗 HTML-iframe-code (het eenvoudigst — werkt overal)

Kopieer en plak in de HTML-editor van uw site:

Pas width en height aan je lay-out aan.

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QR code CAS 68-19-9

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Plaats het in een productcatalogus, op een fleslabel of een flyer. De klant scant het — ziet het 3D-molecuul op zijn telefoon, met een link naar uw winkel.

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Wanneer u de link deelt, haalt Facebook/LinkedIn/Discord automatisch het afbeeldingsvoorbeeld op:

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📋 Licentie: De embed behoudt een backlink naar DH Scientific (vereist — de winkel is de gegevensbron). Chemische gegevens zijn afkomstig van PubChem (CC0 — publiek domein). De embed is GRATIS voor educatief, commercieel en hobbygebruik.
📚 REFERENTIES (Verzamelde bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 126 items

Alle wetenschappelijke bronnen die in de accordeons hierboven voor CAS 68-19-9 worden geciteerd.Formaat: Chicago Manual of Style 17e ed., Author-Date-systeem.

🗄️ Wetenschappelijke databanken

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 68-19-9. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=68-19-9.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 68-19-9. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 68-19-9. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=68-19-9.
  5. U.S. EPA. n.d. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: CAS 68-19-9. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7044346.

📐 Standaarden / Richtlijnen

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Boeken

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Wetenschappelijke artikelen (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Websites

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
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