Co to jest Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9?

Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9 (CAS 50-67-9) to związek chemiczny o wzorze sumarycznym C10H12N2O i masie molowej 176.21 g/mol. Dane chemiczne pochodzą z PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).

Jaki jest numer CAS związku Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9?

Numer CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) dla związku Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9 to 50-67-9.

Jaki jest wzór chemiczny związku Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9?

Wzór sumaryczny związku Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9 to C10H12N2O. Nazwa IUPAC: 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol.

Gdzie kupić Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9 (CAS 50-67-9)?

Serotonina, CAS 50-67-9 (CAS 50-67-9) jest dostępny w sklepie DH Scientific: https://dhscientific.com/odczynnik/serotonina-50-67-9. Aktualne informacje o cenie i dostępności znajdziesz na stronie produktu.

serotonina

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Reagente chimico Serotonina (CAS 50-67-9). Scheda enciclopedica completa — classificazione, proprietà e dati di sicurezza — di seguito.

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MolGod_SDSCARD_1

REACH 2020/878

v1 · 18.07.2026

Category: Odczynniki chemiczne

🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D

Panoramica chimica: SerotoninMolGod_OVERVIEW_1

Formula molecolare	C₁₀H₁₂N₂O
Peso molecolare	176.21 g/mol
LogP (lipofilia)	0.2
Nome IUPAC	3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
SMILES	`C1=CC2=C(C=C1O)C(=CN2)CCN`
InChIKey	`QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N`

Sinonimi: serotonin · 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE · 50-67-9 · 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol · Enteramine

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-11-10

RICERCA SCIENTIFICA

[1]Europe PMC2026

A Portable and Highly Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Copper-Nickel Oxide-Decorated Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Serotonin Detection.

et al.. (2026). "A Portable and Highly Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Copper-Nickel Oxide-Decorated Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Serotonin Detection.". https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040185

[2]Europe PMC2025

Engineering hormonal crosstalk to enhance serotonin/melatonin levels in rice.

et al.. (2025). "Engineering hormonal crosstalk to enhance serotonin/melatonin levels in rice.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65067-6

[3]OpenAlex2022

The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence

Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth Cooper, Tom Stockmann et al.. (2022). "The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence". Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-02

[4]OpenAlex2020

Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior

Julien Bacqué-Cazenave, Rahul Bharatiya, Grégory Barrière et al.. (2020). "Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2105164

[5]OpenAlex2017

The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells

Nadine Herr, Christoph Bode, Daniel Duerschmied. (2017). "The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048

[6]OpenAlex2016

Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis

Trisha A. Jenkins, Jason Nguyen, Kate Polglaze et al.. (2016). "Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3

[7]Core2014

Serotonin and corticosterone rhythms in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and in patients with COPD:implication for COPD-associated neuropathogenesis

Hongwei Yao, Lyda, Elizabeth, Sime, Patricia J et al.. (2014). "Serotonin and corticosterone rhythms in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and in patients with COPD:implication for COPD-associated neurop

[8]OpenAlex2013

Serotonin modulation of cortical neurons and networks

Pau Celada, M. Victoria Puig, Francesc Artigas. (2013). "Serotonin modulation of cortical neurons and networks". DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.0002

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 17 refs · 5 baz

MOLEKUŁA Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:Europe PMC (2) · db:openalex (11) · db:arxiv (1) · db:core (3)

db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "A Portable and Highly Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Copper-Nickel Oxide-Decorated Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Serotonin Detection.". https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040185 →
db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Engineering hormonal crosstalk to enhance serotonin/melatonin levels in rice.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65067-6 →
db:openalex Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth Cooper, Tom Stockmann et al.. (2022). "The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence". Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 →
db:openalex Julien Bacqué-Cazenave, Rahul Bharatiya, Grégory Barrière et al.. (2020). "Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051649 →
db:arxiv Elisa Castagnola, Sanitta Thongpang, Mieko Hirabayashi et al.. (2020). "Glassy Carbon Microelectrode Arrays Enable Voltage-Peak Separated Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Serotonin Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry". arXiv (2011.13024v1). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1an00425e →
db:openalex Nadine Herr, Christoph Bode, Daniel Duerschmied. (2017). "The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048 →
db:openalex Trisha A. Jenkins, Jason Nguyen, Kate Polglaze et al.. (2016). "Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010056 →
db:core Hongwei Yao, Lyda, Elizabeth, Sime, Patricia J et al.. (2014). "Serotonin and corticosterone rhythms in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and in patients with COPD:implication for COPD-associated neuropathogenesis". https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087999 →
db:openalex Pau Celada, M. Victoria Puig, Francesc Artigas. (2013). "Serotonin modulation of cortical neurons and networks". DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00025 →
db:openalex Stephanie W. Watts, Shaun F. Morrison, Robert P. Davis et al.. (2012). "Serotonin and Blood Pressure Regulation". Pharmacological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.004697 →
db:core Walz, Bernd, Bernd Walz, Baumann, Otto et al.. (2012). "Molecular and pharmacological characterization of serotonin 5-HT2α and 5-HT7 receptors in the salivary glands of the blowfly calliphora vicina". https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049459 →
db:openalex Roshan Cools, Kae Nakamura, Nathaniel D. Daw. (2010). "Serotonin and Dopamine: Unifying Affective, Activational, and Decision Functions". Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.121 →
db:openalex Leila Mohammadzadeh, Lisa L Moses, Sharon M. Gwaltney‐Brant. (2008). "Serotonin: a review". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00944.x →
db:openalex Michael D. Gershon, Jan Tack. (2007). "The Serotonin Signaling System: From Basic Understanding To Drug Development for Functional GI Disorders". Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.002 →
db:openalex Erick H. Turner, Jennifer M. Loftis, Aaron D. Blackwell. (2005). "Serotonin a la carte: Supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004 →
db:core Buwalda, Bauke, Vegt, Bea J. van der,, van der Vegt, BJ et al.. (2001). "Enhanced sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptors in rats and mice with high trait aggression". https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00565-0 →
db:openalex Frank P. Bymaster. (2001). "Comparative Affinity of Duloxetine and Venlafaxine for Serotonin and Norepinephrine Transporters in vitro and in vivo, Human Serotonin Receptor Subtypes, and Other Neuronal Receptors". Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00298-6 →

📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: C₁₀H₁₂N₂O

MW: 176.21 g/mol

CAS: 50-67-9

Proprietà dettagliate

Proprietà	Valore	Unità	Conditions	Source
Solubilità in acqua	25.5 mg/mL			PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗

🔬 Proprietà avanzate

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: C1=CC2=C(C=C1O)C(=CN2)CCN

InChI: InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2

InChIKey: QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Fonti dei dati: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-06-30

Stato normativo della sostanza

Questa sostanza è soggetta a requisiti normativi: gestione dei rifiuti pericolosi (BDO). Dettagli nella sezione "Stato normativo (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" e nella scheda SDS. Informazione normativa — non limita l'acquisto nel negozio.

🧮 Calcolatore stechiometricoMolGod_STOICH_1

🔍 Identificatori esterniMolGod_EXTID_1

13 su 16 sistemi ID81%

Database	Identificatore	Azioni
CAS Registry Number	50-67-9	Apri →
PubChem CID	5202	Apri →
InChIKey	QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N	Apri →
InChI	InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-…
SMILES	C1=CC2=C(C=C1O)C(=CN2)CCN
EC Number	200-058-9	Apri →
DrugBank	DB08839	Apri →
KEGG Compound	C00780	Apri →
HMDB	HMDB0000259	Apri →
ChemSpider	5013	Apri →
MeSH UID (NLM)	D012701	Apri →
UNII (FDA)	333DO1RDJY	Apri →
WikiData QID	Q167934	Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 50-67-9MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN

📊 Banche dati di spettri spettroscopici — dati inline 9 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Gli spettri vengono recuperati su richiesta da 9 fonti. Ogni spettro viene salvato nel nostro database — l'apertura successiva = zero richieste all'API esterna. Scarica JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG per ogni spettro senza dover cercare.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro

🔗 Source

— points

📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69

MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro

🔗 Source

— points

📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A

UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook

Public domain (US Federal)

▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro

🔗 Source

— points

📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69

¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB

CC-BY-SA 4.0

▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro

🔗 Source

— points

📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g

MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America

CC-BY 4.0

▶ Clicca per caricare lo spettro

🔗 Source

— points

📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777

IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)

Free for non-commercial

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →

📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)

JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs

Reference only

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 JP Monograph →

📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)

WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names

WHO Model Lists (free)

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 WHO INN →

📚 WHO INN Programme

DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals

OA journal index (mixed)

Fonte di riferimento — nessuna API pubblica. Apri nella banca dati esterna:

🔗 DOAJ →

📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

🔬 Spettri interattivi (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Dati recuperati in tempo reale da più fonti (priority-chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG disponibili per il download sotto ogni spettro.

IR — infrarosso in trasformata di Fourier

Caricamento IR — infrarosso in trasformata di Fourier…

MS — spettrometria di massa (EI 70eV)

Caricamento MS — spettrometria di massa (EI 70eV)…

📐 Proprietà fisico-chimiche (database) 2 campi MolGod Score: Nessuna fonte

Proprietà	Valore	Unità	Conditions	Source
Solubilità in acqua	25.500	g/L	25°C
logP (ottanolo/acqua)	0.200	—	25°C

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (12 sources)

Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗

🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Inserisci la concentrazione Serotonin in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 176.21 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)

Conversion	Formula	Accuratezza	Source
% (w/v) ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW	±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mL	IUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molar	c (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³	Exact	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)	c = n/V = (m/MW)/V	±0.1% (depends on MW precision)	IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous	±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)	IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1	±0.2%	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW	±0.1% (depends on MW precision)	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³	Exact	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin	T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15	±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)	BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit	T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32	±0.1 °F	Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity	c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL	±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals	Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)

📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)

Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
→ Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
→ Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
→ International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
→ General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
→ Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
→ Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
→ Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
→ Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book

🧪 Procedura guidata di preparazione della soluzione WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1

① Seleziona la concentrazione

② Volume finale

③ Solvente

Calcoli secondo: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Compatibilità con i solventiMolGod_SOLV_1

Stima basata sulla solubilità in acqua e sul logP. Dati indicativi — non sostituiscono studi sperimentali.

Solvente	Compatibilità	Note	Riferimenti
Water	+ Buona	logP suggerisce idrofilia	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗CRC Handbook ↗IAPWS ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗
EtOH	+ Buona	EtOH — solvente polare universale	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗CRC Handbook ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗
Acetone	~ Moderata	Parzialmente compatibile	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗CRC Handbook ↗
DCM	- Scarsa	Scarsa compatibilità con i solventi polari	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗NIST WebBook ↗Hansen 2007 ↗IARC Mono 71 ↗
DMSO	+ Buona	DMSO — potente solvente aprotico	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗Wypych 2019 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗
THF	~ Moderata	THF — limitata per composti fortemente polari	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗Armarego 2009 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗NIST WebBook ↗
Hexane	- Scarsa	Praticamente insolubile in esano	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗NIST WebBook ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗
CHCl3	- Scarsa	Scarsa compatibilità con i solventi polari	NIST WebBook ↗PubChem ↗IARC Mono 73 ↗NIST WebBook ↗Hansen 2007 ↗

Fonti dei dati per logP/solubilità: logP: 0.20

📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Ogni solvente dispone di 5 fonti scientifiche indipendenti (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/GESTIS). Citazioni complete di seguito.

Water · NIST CAS lookup ↗

Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). 1997. "Release on the Static Dielectric Constant of Ordinary Water Substance." IAPWS R8-97. [link ↗]
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Water." GESTIS Substance Database. Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

EtOH · NIST CAS lookup ↗

Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183. [link ↗]
Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-340-64578-9.X5000-9. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Ethanol." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

Acetone · NIST CAS lookup ↗

Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Acetone." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

DCM · NIST CAS lookup ↗

National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, dichloro- (CAS 75-09-2)." NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. "Dichloromethane." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 71: 251–315. [link ↗]
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Dichloromethane." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

DMSO · NIST CAS lookup ↗

Wypych, George. 2019. Handbook of Solvents. Volume 1: Properties. 3rd ed. Toronto: ChemTec Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-02235-3. [link ↗]
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, sulfinylbis- (CAS 67-68-5)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Dimethyl sulfoxide." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

THF · NIST CAS lookup ↗

Armarego, Wilfred L. F., and Christina Li Lin Chai. 2009. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals. 6th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-85617-567-8.50003-3. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Furan, tetrahydro- (CAS 109-99-9)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Tetrahydrofuran." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

Hexane · NIST CAS lookup ↗

National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. [link ↗]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1999. Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "n-Hexane." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

CHCl3 · NIST CAS lookup ↗

International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. "Chloroform." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 73: 131–182. [link ↗]
National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, trichloro- (CAS 67-66-3)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
IFA. n.d. "Chloroform." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]

Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):

Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 50-67-9 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 50-67-9MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN

Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Pericolo (Danger)

GHS06 Tossico

GHS08 Pericolo per la salute

🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

H301 — Tossico se ingerito.
H361 — Sospettato di nuocere alla fertilità o al feto.

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

P203 — Procurarsi, leggere e seguire tutte le istruzioni di sicurezza prima dell’uso.

⚠ Classificazione basata sul consenso delle fonti (PubChem / notifiche dei fornitori) — non verificata rispetto alla classificazione armonizzata dell'allegato VI (CLP). L'ambito dei pericoli può essere più ampio della classificazione ufficiale; prima dell'uso verificare con la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del fornitore.

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

☢️ Dati tossicologici (IARC + EPA CTX)

🧬 Classificazione di cancerogenicità IARC

Classificazione IARC:

Nessuna voce IARC individuale per questo CAS Nessuna monografia IARC separata negli elenchi verificati — questo NON è una conferma dell'assenza di cancerogenicità. Verificare la classificazione CLP/GHS (sezione CMR / GHS).

🌍 Ecotoxicology & environmental fate (SDS sec. 8/12)

NOEC (fish):	`1e-05 mg/L (Echinogammarus marinus, 21 d)`
ED — organizmy wodne (sek. 12.7):	`(hormonalny) (Palaemon elegans) [https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01761]; (hormonalny) (Palaemon elegans) [https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01761]; (hormonalny) (Palaemon elegans) [https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01761] — źródło: US EPA ECOTOX (dowód efektu, nie klasyfikacja regulacyjna ED).`

Source: ECHA REACH dossier / EU RAR — the same verified values as the Safety Data Sheet (SDS), sec. 8/12.

🔬 Limiti di esposizione professionale (PubChem × NIOSH/OSHA)

ℹ️ Notifiche GHS dei fornitori (autoclassificazione — non vincolanti)

Nessuna classificazione armonizzata CLP (Annex VI) per questo CAS. I codici seguenti sono autoclassificazioni aggregate dei fornitori (notifiche ECHA C&L rese disponibili tramite PubChem) — NON sono una classificazione armonizzata e possono essere ridondanti. La fonte vincolante è la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) del fornitore.

Segnale di avvertenza più elevato segnalato: Danger (secondo le segnalazioni dei notificanti, non vincolante)

H301 H361

📚 Fonti: IARC Monographs (WHO) · PubChem Compound (CID 5202)
Ultima verifica: 2026-06-30

📚 Fonti · Bibliografia (Chicago Notes-Bibliography)

et al.. (2026). "A Portable and Highly Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Copper-Nickel Oxide-Decorated Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Serotonin Detection.". https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040185 [DOI]
et al.. (2025). "Engineering hormonal crosstalk to enhance serotonin/melatonin levels in rice.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65067-6 [DOI]
Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth Cooper, Tom Stockmann et al.. (2022). "The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence". Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 [DOI]
Julien Bacqué-Cazenave, Rahul Bharatiya, Grégory Barrière et al.. (2020). "Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051649 [DOI]
Nadine Herr, Christoph Bode, Daniel Duerschmied. (2017). "The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048 [DOI]
Trisha A. Jenkins, Jason Nguyen, Kate Polglaze et al.. (2016). "Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010056 [DOI]
Hongwei Yao, Lyda, Elizabeth, Sime, Patricia J et al.. (2014). "Serotonin and corticosterone rhythms in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and in patients with COPD:implication for COPD-associated neuropathogenesis". https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087999 [DOI]
Pau Celada, M. Victoria Puig, Francesc Artigas. (2013). "Serotonin modulation of cortical neurons and networks". DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00025 [DOI]
Stephanie W. Watts, Shaun F. Morrison, Robert P. Davis et al.. (2012). "Serotonin and Blood Pressure Regulation". Pharmacological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.004697 [DOI]
Walz, Bernd, Bernd Walz, Baumann, Otto et al.. (2012). "Molecular and pharmacological characterization of serotonin 5-HT2α and 5-HT7 receptors in the salivary glands of the blowfly calliphora vicina". https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049459 [DOI]
Roshan Cools, Kae Nakamura, Nathaniel D. Daw. (2010). "Serotonin and Dopamine: Unifying Affective, Activational, and Decision Functions". Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.121 [DOI]
Leila Mohammadzadeh, Lisa L Moses, Sharon M. Gwaltney‐Brant. (2008). "Serotonin: a review". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00944.x [DOI]
Michael D. Gershon, Jan Tack. (2007). "The Serotonin Signaling System: From Basic Understanding To Drug Development for Functional GI Disorders". Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.002 [DOI]
Erick H. Turner, Jennifer M. Loftis, Aaron D. Blackwell. (2005). "Serotonin a la carte: Supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004 [DOI]
Buwalda, Bauke, Vegt, Bea J. van der,, van der Vegt, BJ et al.. (2001). "Enhanced sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptors in rats and mice with high trait aggression". https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00565-0 [DOI]

🚨 Procedura di emergenza — sversamento di sostanze chimiche Tossico

CAS 50-67-9 GHS: H301 H361 ⚠️ EVACUAZIONE (10m) 💨 Ventilation

🥽 PPE — Dispositivi di protezione individuale

Guanti: resistenti agli agenti chimici (selezione secondo SDS sez. 8)

Occhiali protettivi: Sì

Tuta: camice da laboratorio

Protezione delle vie respiratorie: semimaschera/maschera a pieno facciale secondo SDS (polveri P2/P3)

📦 Piccolo sversamento (<1L) — assorbente: minerale inerte / aspiratore con filtro HEPA (per le polveri)

⚠️ Procedura GENERICA derivata dalla classificazione GHS (nessun dato curato per questo CAS). Attenersi sempre alla Scheda di Dati di Sicurezza (SDS) aggiornata del fornitore.

1. Limitare l'accesso delle persone; ventilare.
2. PPE resistenti + protezione delle vie respiratorie (polvere: semimaschera P2/P3; vapori: secondo SDS).
3. Raccogliere meccanicamente in un contenitore ermetico ed etichettato; ridurre al minimo la formazione di polvere/vapore.
4. Lavare l'area con acqua; trattare i residui e l'assorbente come rifiuti pericolosi.

Proprietà aggiuntive da GHS:
• pericolo per la salute (CMR / STOT / aspirazione) — ridurre al minimo l'esposizione

🛢️ Grande sversamento (>1L) ⚠️ Materiale pericoloso

1. Evacuare; ingresso esclusivamente con PPE completi e protezione delle vie respiratorie.
2. Contenere; evitare di sollevare polvere e disperdere la sostanza.
3. Raccogliere meccanicamente in un contenitore UN etichettato; consegnare a un'azienda autorizzata (BDO).
4. Segnala l'incidente secondo la procedura di sicurezza sul lavoro; in caso di rilascio nell'ambiente, notifica WIOŚ.

🩹 Primo soccorso

🧴 Pelle

1. Togliere gli indumenti contaminati.
2. Risciacquare la pelle con abbondante acqua per ≥15 min.
3. La sostanza può essere assorbita attraverso la pelle — osservare i sintomi / consultare un medico.

👁️ Occhi

1. Risciacquare con acqua per ≥15 min tenendo le palpebre aperte; rimuovere le lenti a contatto.
2. Consultare un oculista se l'irritazione persiste.

🫁 Inalazione

1. Portare all'aria aperta, in posizione confortevole.
2. In caso di difficoltà respiratorie — ossigeno / medico.

🍽️ Ingestione

1. Sciacquare la bocca con acqua; NON indurre il vomito.
2. Centro Antiveleni: +48 42 631 47 24.

🌍 Ambiente: Acqua: Media; Suolo: Bassa; ❌ Non immettere nella rete fognaria; Codice rifiuto: 16 05 06*

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — 8

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets — Section 6: Accidental Release Measures. ECHA. [link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Hazard classes and H-statements. Official Journal of the European Union L 353. [link ↗]
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. CDC. [link ↗]
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2024. 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗]
National Fire Protection Association. 2018. NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents. NFPA. [link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2012. Directive 2012/18/EU on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Seveso III). Official Journal of the European Union L 197: 1–37. [link ↗]
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2024. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [link ↗]
European Chemicals Agency. 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Version 3.1. ECHA. [link ↗]

Fonti: Classificazione GHS/CLP (PubChem/SDS) — fallback generico · ECHA Guidance on SDS (sez. 6) · NIOSH Pocket Guide. Dati indicativi — in situazione di emergenza applicare sempre le istruzioni del fornitore + le normative locali di sicurezza e salute sul lavoro.

♻️ Smaltimento dei rifiuti chimici (BDO) Tossico ⚠️ BDO richiesto

📋 Codice EWC (Catalogo Europeo dei Rifiuti):
16 05 06* Prodotti chimici di laboratorio e analitici (reagenti) contenenti sostanze pericolose

Codice con asterisco (*) = rifiuto pericoloso che richiede la registrazione BDO + un protocollo di trasporto (Scheda di Trasferimento dei Rifiuti).

🌍 Pericolo per l'ambiente: NO

💧 Rischio di contaminazione dell'acqua: SÌ

🌱 Rischio di contaminazione del suolo: NO

🚫 NON scaricare in fognatura: SÌ

🚛 HAZMAT transport (ADR): SÌ

🏭 Aziende autorizzate allo smaltimento (BDO) — 8 di 8 in totale

Remondis Polska sp. z o.o. BDO 000004257

Zawodzie 18, 02-981 Warszawa

Gamma completa di rifiuti chimici — acidi, basi, ossidanti, solventi, farmaci

📞 +48 22 644 88 60 ✉️ [email protected] 🌐 remondis.pl ↗

Mo-BRUK S.A. BDO 000010152

Niecew 68, 33-322 Korzenna

Incenerimento di rifiuti pericolosi in impianti autorizzati con recupero energetico (>800°C)

📞 +48 18 446 83 33 ✉️ [email protected] 🌐 mo-bruk.pl ↗

PreZero Polska sp. z o.o. BDO 000026589

Karpacka 24, 41-219 Sosnowiec

Riciclaggio di rifiuti chimici + incenerimento + smaltimento farmaceutico

📞 +48 32 363 99 88 ✉️ [email protected] 🌐 prezero.pl ↗

Ekoindustrol sp. z o.o. BDO 000026283

Przemysłowa 10, 32-300 Olkusz

Specializzazione: acidi minerali, ossidanti (H2O2, HNO3), neutralizzazione chimica

📞 +48 32 643 03 33 ✉️ [email protected] 🌐 ekoindustrol.pl ↗

SARP-EKO sp. z o.o. BDO 000028916

Wodzisławska 10, 44-200 Rybnik

Incenerimento con recupero di calore + neutralizzazione degli acidi + rifiuti farmaceutici (codice EWC 07 05 13*)

📞 +48 32 422 93 60 ✉️ [email protected] 🌐 sarpeko.pl ↗

📋 Elenco BDO completo: bdo.mos.gov.pl ↗ — registro ufficiale del Ministero del Clima e dell'Ambiente.
Scheda di Trasferimento dei Rifiuti (KPO): modello BDO obbligatorio per ogni consegna di rifiuti pericolosi.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)

European Commission. 2014. Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC. Official Journal of the European Union. Decyzja 2014/955/UE. [link ↗] — European List of Waste (LoW) — codici EWC a 6 cifre + asterisco per i rifiuti pericolosi
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. [link ↗] — Catalogo polacco dei rifiuti — attuazione della Decisione 2014/955/UE
Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. [link ↗] — Registro centrale BDO — elenco completo delle aziende autorizzate alla gestione dei rifiuti
Polska — Sejm RP. 2012. Ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach. Dz.U. 2013 poz. 21 (z późn. zm.). [link ↗] — Legge nazionale — definisce gli obblighi del produttore di rifiuti + registrazione BDO
Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety. CRC Press. — Classificazione dei rifiuti di laboratorio + procedure di segregazione (capitolo Waste Management); norme EN 374:2013 sui guanti per il personale che manipola rifiuti pericolosi.
Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. Elsevier. — Classificazione dei rifiuti per CAS + incompatibilità — input per la mappatura EWC.
Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Wiley. — Reattività + compatibilità di stoccaggio dei rifiuti (ossidanti vs infiammabili — flussi separati).
NIOSH. 2024. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [link ↗] — PEL/REL/IDLH per CAS — base per i DPI richiesti durante il trasporto dei rifiuti (KPO).
OSHA. 2024. Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. [link ↗] — 29 CFR 1910.120 — formazione + DPI per la gestione dei rifiuti pericolosi.
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive). Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. [link ↗] — Gerarchia della gestione dei rifiuti (prevenzione → recupero → smaltimento); definisce i "rifiuti pericolosi".
European Parliament and Council. 2009. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures. Official Journal of the European Union L 353. [link ↗] — Classificazione CLP delle indicazioni di pericolo H → mappatura verso EWC * (asterisco = pericoloso).
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025). UNECE. [link ↗] — ADR — requisiti per il trasporto di rifiuti pericolosi (KPO + numero UN + classi 1–9).
IPCS INCHEM. 2024. International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines. WHO/UNEP/ILO. [link ↗] — Linee guida internazionali di neutralizzazione + smaltimento per CAS.
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste. Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. [link ↗] — Trasferimento transfrontaliero di rifiuti pericolosi — requisiti di notifica + consenso prima dell'esportazione

📋 Conformità normativa (checklist di conformità) Tossico 7 richiesto 12 voci

ℹ️ Lista di controllo degli obblighi normativi per CAS 50-67-9. Stato basato su: ADR 2023 (Tabella A), REACH Allegato XVII, CLP Allegato VI (classificazione armonizzata), hazard class da m14-spill DB, SVHC, GIS e NDS PL. Principio: assenza di dati = assenza di affermazione (NON dichiariamo 'assenza di restrizioni' senza base).

✅ SDS (Scheda di Dati di Sicurezza) disponibile soddisfatto

Come garantire la conformità: SODDISFATTO — scheda di dati di sicurezza v11 (PL) disponibile per il download in questa pagina.Requisito: SDS aggiornata conforme al Reg. 1907/2006 (REACH) allegato II, formato a 16 sezioni.

Base giuridica: Rozporządzenie (WE) 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 31 + Aneks II
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
❌ Etichetta CLP conforme (pittogrammi + avvertenza + H/P) richiesto

Come garantire la conformità: L'etichetta deve contenere: pittogrammi GHS, avvertenza (Pericolo/Attenzione), indicazioni di pericolo H e consigli di prudenza P, dati del produttore. Obbligatorio dal 2010 (sostanze) e dal 2015 (miscele).

Base giuridica: Rozporządzenie (WE) 1272/2008 (CLP) Art. 17-33
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
❌ Formazione in materia di sicurezza chimica (substance-specific) richiesto

Come garantire la conformità: Personale di laboratorio: formazione iniziale (istruzione generale + specifica per la mansione) + aggiornamento periodico ogni 5 anni (o ogni 3 per il personale in posizioni tecnico-ingegneristiche). Documentazione conservata nel fascicolo personale.

Base giuridica: Rozp. MGiP Dz.U. 2004 nr 180 poz. 1860 (szkolenia BHP)
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
❌ Registrazione BDO (banca dati polacca sui rifiuti) richiesto

Come garantire la conformità: La registrazione nel BDO è obbligatoria per i produttori di rifiuti pericolosi. Scheda di trasferimento dei rifiuti (KPO) per ogni consegna. Relazione annuale entro il 15 marzo dell'anno successivo.

Base giuridica: Ustawa z 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach (Dz.U. 2013 poz. 21)
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
❓ Trasporto ADR (accordo internazionale) da verificare

Come garantire la conformità: Nessun dato ADR nel set di dati MOL-GOD per questo numero CAS. NON presumere l'assenza di restrizioni — prima della spedizione verificare la classificazione ai fini del trasporto nell'ADR 2023 (Tabella A) e nella sezione 14 della scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS).

Base giuridica: Umowa europejska ADR 2025 + Ustawa z 19 sierpnia 2011 r. o przewozie towarów niebezpiecznych
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
🔵 Registrazione REACH (>1 t/anno importazione UE) condizionale

Come garantire la conformità: Gli importatori/produttori ≥1 tonnellata/anno devono registrare la sostanza presso l'ECHA (dossier tecnico + Chemical Safety Report se ≥10 t). Consultare ECHA Annex VI / registered substances list.

Base giuridica: Rozporządzenie (WE) 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 5-22
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
⚪ Notifica SVHC (Sostanze estremamente preoccupanti) non applicabile

Come garantire la conformità: Nie figuruje na liście kandydackiej SVHC REACH (art. 59) — stan listy ECHA: 2026-05-23. Lista kandydacka to NIE załącznik XIV.

Base giuridica: REACH Art. 7(2) + 33 — SVHC notification + communication
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
⚪ REACH Allegato XIV (elenco autorizzazioni) non applicabile

Come garantire la conformità: Nie figuruje w Załączniku XIV REACH (lista autoryzacyjna) — stan listy ECHA: 2025-09-13.

Base giuridica: Rozporządzenie (WE) 1907/2006 (REACH) Załącznik XIV — autoryzacja
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
❓ REACH Allegato XVII (restrizioni all'uso/commercializzazione) da verificare

Come garantire la conformità: Brak wpisu w zbiorze klasyfikacji zharmonizowanej (CLP Załącznik VI) dla tego numeru CAS — status poz. 28–30 (zakaz CMR) NIEZWERYFIKOWANY; nie zakładać braku ograniczenia. Zbiór ograniczeń Załącznika XVII również niepełny — sprawdź skonsolidowany Załącznik XVII oraz klasyfikację zharmonizowaną CMR na stronach ECHA.

Base giuridica: Rozporządzenie (WE) 1907/2006 (REACH) Załącznik XVII — ograniczenia produkcji/obrotu/stosowania
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
❓ NDS — Concentrazione Massima Ammissibile nell'ambiente di lavoro da verificare

Come garantire la conformità: Dati NDS non presenti nell'insieme MOL-GOD (insieme incompleto — circa 41 su ~600 sostanze dell'elenco). L'assenza NON significa assenza di NDS — verifica l'elenco completo G.U. 2024 pos. 1017 (Reg. MRiPS del 4 settembre 2024), e in caso di assenza applica OEL dalle direttive UE o raccomandati da NIOSH/ACGIH.

Base giuridica: Rozp. MRiPS z 4 września 2024 r. (Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1017) — NDS i NDSCh
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
⚪ Registro GIS (precursori / psicotropi) non applicabile

Come garantire la conformità: Non presente nell'insieme di lavoro disponibile dei precursori (elenco incompleto). L'assenza NON è conferma — verifica rispetto all'all. I Reg. (CE) 273/2004 e all'elenco GIS prima della commercializzazione.

Base giuridica: Rozp. (WE) 273/2004 + Ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii (Dz.U. 2005 nr 179 poz. 1485)
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗
✅ Scheda di dati di sicurezza in lingua polacca soddisfatto

Come garantire la conformità: SODDISFATTO — scheda in lingua polacca (v11) disponibile in questa pagina.Requisito: SDS in lingua polacca per la commercializzazione in PL (Art. 31 REACH + Legge sulle sostanze chimiche Art. 17).

Base giuridica: Ustawa z 25 lutego 2011 r. o substancjach chemicznych i ich mieszaninach (Dz.U. 2011 nr 63 poz. 322)
📎 Fonte / modulo ↗

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)

European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). Official Journal of the European Union L 353/1. CLP Regulation 1272/2008. [link ↗] — Classificazione, etichettatura e imballaggio delle sostanze + miscele (implementazione GHS nell'UE)
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Official Journal of the European Union L 396/1. REACH Regulation 1907/2006. [link ↗] — REACH — registrazione, valutazione e autorizzazione delle sostanze chimiche; SVHC; SDS Allegato II
Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2024. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 4 września 2024 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2024 poz. 1017. [link ↗] — NDS e NDSCh per circa 600 sostanze chimiche — limiti polacchi attuali di esposizione professionale
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2025 Edition. United Nations, Geneva. ADR 2025. [link ↗] — Accordo internazionale sul trasporto su strada di merci pericolose — numeri UN, classi, imballaggi

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 50-67-9 · PubChem ↗

Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Risultati delle misurazioni:

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.

📐 Formule statistiche

x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
s = √s² — deviazione standard
RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calcolatore di ricette per tamponi UNIQUE

Scegli un tampone dall'elenco di 20 sistemi popolari → inserisci il pH target → otterrai una ricetta esatta con le masse da pesare.

Passo 1: Scegli un sistema tampone

📜 Cronologia delle ricette (ultime 10)

🔬 Metodi HPLC/GC (1 metoda)

UHPLCMolecules202387% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)

Colonna: C18, 0.22 μm

Fase: mobile phase in gradient mode

Rivelazione: MS/MS

Flusso: 0.30 mL/min

Temp.: 18.0 °C

Inj.: 20 μL

Nowacka-Kozak E, Gajda A, Gbylik-Sikorska M. Analysis of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: A Challenge in Food Control. Molecules. 2023;28:4595. doi:10.3390/molecules28124595

🔗 DOI 🏠 PMC 📚 PubMed 📄 PDF

Aminoglycosides are a widely used group of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. However, misuse and abuse of these drugs can lead to residues in the edible tissues of animals. Due to the toxicity of aminoglycosides and the exposure of consumers to the emergence of drug resistance, new methods are being sought to determine aminoglycosides in food. The method presented in this manuscript describes the determination of twelve aminoglycosides (streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, hygromycin, paromomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, apramycin, and sisomycin) in thirteen matrices (muscle, kidney, liver, fat, sausages, shrimps, fish honey, milk, eggs, whey powder, sour cream, and curd). Aminoglycosides were isolated from samples with extraction buffer (10 mM NH4OOCH3, 0.4 mM Na2EDTA, 1% NaCl, 2% TCA). For the clean-up purpose, HLB cartridges were used. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with a Poroshell analytical column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and heptafluorobutyric acid. The method was validated according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/808 requirements. Good performance characteristics were obtained for recovery, linearity, precision, specificity, and decision limits (CCα). This simple and high-sensitivity method can determine multi-aminoglycosides in various food samples for confirmatory analysis.

aminoglycoside antibioticsUHPLC-MS/MSanalysisfoodresidues

📈 Validazione del metodo (ICH Q2)

Nessun dato di validazione. Contattare l'autore del metodo.

Parametri secondo: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

🔧 Risoluzione problemi HPLC/GC

Picchi larghi / tailing

Cause: Colonna usurata, pH della fase errato, sovraccarico della colonna, dead volume

Soluzione: Sostituire la colonna, verificare il pH del tampone (±0.2), ridurre il volume di iniezione, controllare i raccordi

Deriva della linea di base

Cause: Fase mobile contaminata, gradiente, temperatura instabile

Soluzione: Degassare la fase, filtrare 0.22 µm, stabilizzare la temperatura della colonna, lavare il sistema

Nessun picco

Cause: Lunghezza d'onda errata, la sostanza non eluisce, decomposizione termica, fase errata

Soluzione: Verificare λmax, prolungare il gradiente, abbassare la temperatura, cambiare la fase mobile

Picchi fantasma (ghost peaks)

Cause: Contaminazione del sistema, carry-over, flaconcini contaminati

Soluzione: Pulire il sistema (MeOH/H₂O), usare nuove fiale, iniettare un bianco

Basso recupero

Cause: Adsorbimento sulle pareti, estrazione insufficiente, decomposizione

Soluzione: Aggiungi IS, silanizza la vetreria, ottimizza l'estrazione, verifica la stabilità

Fonti: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

📊 Validazione del metodo HPLC (ICH Q2(R1)) PARTIAL

3 metrics need experimental data

Parametro	Valore	Unità	Criterio ICH Q2	Status
Linearità (R²)	nessun dato	unitless	R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 per la bioanalitica)	—
LOD (S/N = 3:1)	nessun dato	ng/mL	S/N ≥ 3:1 (concentrazione rilevabile più bassa)	—
LOQ (S/N = 10:1)	nessun dato	ng/mL	S/N ≥ 10:1 (LOQ ≥ 3×LOD tipicamente)	—
Precisione (RSD intraday, n=6)	nessun dato	% RSD	RSD ≤ 2% (intraday) / ≤ 3% (interday) per l'API	—
Accuratezza (recupero, 3 livelli)	nessun dato	% (target 100±2%)	Recovery 98-102% (target 100%)	—
Intervallo di linearità	nessun dato	es. 0.1-100 ng/mL	Min. 80-120% della concentrazione nominale	—
Selettività/Specificità	nessun dato	qualitative	Nessuna interferenza — picco dell'analita completamente risolto (Rs ≥ 2.0)	—
Robustezza (robustness)	nessun dato	RSD < 2% con variazione del ±5%	RSD < 2% con piccole variazioni dei parametri	—

Legend: ✓ PASS ⚠ CAUTION ✗ FAIL — NO_DATA

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Standard di convalida dei metodi analitici — 4 fonti indipendenti (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).

International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.

· ⚠ Avvisi normativi SVHC/REACH ↑

🔧 Risoluzione dei problemi HPLC — albero decisionale 6 problemi comuni

Diagnostica dei 12 problemi HPLC più comuni con albero decisionale (5 passaggi per problema). Fonte: Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.

Picchi allargati (broad peaks) medium

Sintomo: Tutti i picchi nel cromatogramma sono più larghi del previsto (FWHM > 2× della norma)

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

1. Verifica se tutti i picchi sono allargati o solo alcuni
→ SÌ: Tutti → problema strumentale (colonna o sistema)
→ NO: Solo alcuni → problema chimico (interazione con la colonna per analiti specifici)
2. Sostituisci con una colonna di prova — il problema scompare?
→ SÌ: COLONNA usurata — packing danneggiato, void nei primi mm. Sostituiscila.
→ NO: Problema nel sistema LC
3. Controllare il volume morto (dead volume) — loop di iniezione, connessioni, rivelatore
→ SÌ: Loop > 100 µL per una colonna da 4.6 mm o connessioni allentate → sostituire le ferrule, accorciare i tubi
→ NO: Continua diagnostica
4. Test di temperatura: aumentare la colonna da 25°C a 40°C
→ SÌ: Picchi più stretti → cinetica di trasferimento di massa troppo lenta (aumentare T)
→ NO: Continue
5. Controllare il flow rate rispetto al valore ottimale di van Deemter per questa colonna
→ SÌ: Ottimale per 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, per 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
→ NO: Continue

⚠️ Cause comuni:

Colonna usurata (>2000 iniezioni senza guard)
Volume morto del sistema > 100 µL (loop errato, tubi lunghi, ferrule allentate)
Temperatura troppo bassa (cinetica di trasferimento di massa)
Flow rate al di fuori dell'ottimale di van Deemter
Solvente del campione più forte della fase A

✓ Soluzioni:

✓ Sostituire la colonna (quando >2000 iniezioni)
✓ Controllare tutte le connessioni — tubi il più corti possibile
✓ Aumentare la T della colonna a 40°C (se la sostanza è stabile)
✓ Ridurre il flow all'ottimale di van Deemter
✓ Sciogliere il campione nella fase A (non in organico puro)

Coda dei picchi (tailing, T > 1.5) high

Sintomo: I picchi presentano una "coda" prolungata sul lato di eluizione tardiva (asimmetria T = b/a > 1.5 secondo USP)

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

1. La sostanza contiene gruppi basici (ammino, piridina)?
→ SÌ: Sì → interazioni silanoliche! Aggiungere 0.1% TFA o 5-10 mM TEA alla fase A.
→ NO: Continue
2. Controllare il pH della fase mobile rispetto al pKa della sostanza
→ SÌ: pH = pKa ± 1 → ionizzazione parziale, peak split. Portare il pH a ≥ 2 unità di distanza dal pKa.
→ NO: Continue
3. Controllare l'età della colonna (>1500 iniezioni?)
→ SÌ: Sì → silanoli esposti (column bleed). Sostituire con una colonna con endcapping più elevato (XTerra, Symmetry).
→ NO: Continue
4. Il campione contiene metalli (Fe, Cu dalle fiale di vetro)?
→ SÌ: Sì → utilizzare fiale incolori di tipo II o PFA. EDTA 0.1mM nel campione.
→ NO: Continue

⚠️ Cause comuni:

Interazioni silanoliche (analita basico + silanoli liberi del gel di silice)
pH al limite del pKa dell'analita (peak split)
Colonna vecchia (column bleed, elevata attività silanolica)
Metalli nel campione (chelazione → tailing)
Sovraccarico della colonna (>50 µg su una colonna da 4.6mm)

✓ Soluzioni:

✓ Aggiungere 0.1% TFA (UV) o 0.1% acido formico (LC-MS) alla fase A
✓ Scegliere una colonna con endcapping ad alta purezza: Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
✓ Lavorare a pH ≥ 2 unità di distanza dal pKa
✓ EDTA 0.1mM nel campione (chelazione Fe/Cu)
✓ Ridurre il volume di iniezione a ≤ 20 µL per una colonna da 4.6mm

Deriva della linea di base (baseline drift) medium

Sintomo: La linea di base aumenta o diminuisce sistematicamente per >5 minuti

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

1. Si sta utilizzando un gradiente (B% in aumento)?
→ SÌ: Sì → assorbimento diverso delle fasi A e B a dλ. Cambio di solvente nell'UV-cutoff. Controllare l'assorbanza UV del % di organico.
→ NO: Continua (isocratico)
2. Controllare la temperatura della colonna — è stabile a ±0.5°C?
→ SÌ: Sì (stabile) → continua
→ NO: Instabile → attivare il termostato della colonna (>25°C controllato)
3. Test: spegnere l'autosampler, far funzionare solo pompa+colonna+rivelatore
→ SÌ: La deriva scompare → contaminazione dell'autosampler (pulire l'ago, il septum)
→ NO: Continue
4. Controllare l'età della lampada (D2 per UV)
→ SÌ: Sì (>1500 ore) → sostituire la lampada
→ NO: Continue

⚠️ Cause comuni:

Eluizione a gradiente con UV-cutoff diverso delle fasi
T della colonna instabile
Contaminazione dell'ago/septum dell'autosampler
Lampada UV vecchia (>1500h)
Cella di flusso del rivelatore sporca
Colonna non equilibrata (<10 volumi di colonna)

✓ Soluzioni:

✓ Pre-equilibrare la colonna per 10-15 volumi di colonna al 100% A
✓ Termostato colonna attivo, T 30-40°C stabile
✓ Pulire la flow cell del rivelatore con soluzione ACN:H2O 50:50
✓ Sostituire la lampada D2 se >1500h
✓ Usare la baseline subtraction (funzione nativa Chromeleon, Empower)

Nessun picco / picco perso (no peak) critical

Sintomo: Il picco atteso dell'analita non compare nel cromatogramma

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

1. L'iniezione è stata effettivamente eseguita?
→ SÌ: Controllare il log dell'autocampionatore, la pressione della pompa (dovrebbe calare durante l'iniezione)
→ NO: Problema dell'autocampionatore → controllare il loop, l'ago, il campione nella fiala
2. Il campione è nella fiala (volume corretto, non evaporato)?
→ SÌ: Continue
→ NO: Nessun campione — ri-pipettare
3. Stabilità del campione — preparato >24h fa?
→ SÌ: Sì → degradazione. Ri-preparare un campione fresco.
→ NO: Continue
4. Controllare la lunghezza d'onda di rilevazione rispetto al λmax della sostanza
→ SÌ: Rilevazione a λ NON corrisponde al λmax → nessun segnale. Scansione DAD 200-400nm.
→ NO: Continue
5. Test: iniettare uno standard puro (di concentrazione nota, fresco)
→ SÌ: Lo standard dà un picco → problema con il campione (matrice, derivatizzazione)
→ NO: Nessun picco anche con lo standard → problema di sistema (colonna, fase, gradiente)

⚠️ Cause comuni:

Campione non prelevato dalla fiala (bug dell'autocampionatore)
Campione degradato (>24h pH/temp/luce)
Rilevazione alla lunghezza d'onda errata
Fase mobile errata (es. TFA dimenticato)
Colonna invertita / fase stazionaria errata
La sostanza eluisce sul fronte (V0) → non trattenuta, non visibile

✓ Soluzioni:

✓ Ri-preparare un campione fresco secondo il protocollo esatto
✓ Scansione UV-Vis DAD 200-400nm + ricerca del λmax
✓ Controllare la composizione della fase mobile — TFA aggiunto?
✓ Testare la direzione inversa della colonna (con cautela!)
✓ Per ritenzione <1 min — abbassare il % B, MeOH al posto di ACN
✓ Controllare la tabella "expected_rt" in wp_molgod_hplc_methods

Pressione troppo alta (pressure too high) critical

Sintomo: Pressione della pompa > 80% del massimo della colonna o shutdown del sistema con errore high-pressure

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

1. Controllare che la colonna sia collegata correttamente (direzione della freccia)
→ SÌ: OK
→ NO: Colonna invertita → invertirla (non lavorare mai "al contrario")
2. Test: rimuovere la colonna dal sistema, far girare pompa+rivelatore da soli
→ SÌ: La pressione scende a <50 bar → problema nella colonna (intasata)
→ NO: La pressione rimane alta → filtro in-line intasato, frit sporco
3. Controllare il filtro pre-colonna (frit in-line)
→ SÌ: Sporco e brunastro → sostituire
→ NO: Continue
4. Retro-lavare la colonna con ACN:H2O 50:50 senza la colonna — scompare?
→ SÌ: Particelle bloccate nel primo mm — un flush di 30 min può recuperarla
→ NO: Sostituire la colonna

⚠️ Cause comuni:

Filtro in-line (frit) intasato da particelle
Salting-out del buffer (precipitazione ad alto %B)
Il campione contiene materiale in sospensione (filtrare a 0.22 µm prima dell'iniezione)
Colonna intasata (compattazione del letto della colonna)
Gradiente con fase buffer + molto organico → precipitazione del sale

✓ Soluzioni:

✓ Filtrare SEMPRE il campione con PVDF 0.22 µm prima dell'iniezione
✓ Sostituire il filtro in-line ogni 100 iniezioni (o quando la pressione aumenta >20%)
✓ NON usare buffer fosfato >20mM + >70% ACN (il sale precipita)
✓ Lavare la colonna per 30 min con ACN:H2O 50:50 in direzione inversa (quando il produttore lo consente)
✓ Pre-colonna 4×3mm per proteggere la colonna principale

Picchi fantasma (ghost peaks) high

Sintomo: Picchi inspiegabili sul cromatogramma assenti nella calibrazione

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

1. Test: iniezione in bianco (solvente puro del campione)
→ SÌ: Compare un ghost → contaminazione del sistema o degli eluenti
→ NO: Compare solo con il campione → matrice
2. Il ghost cresce con il gradiente (eluisce ad alta %B)?
→ SÌ: Sì → colonna sovraccarica o composti fortemente trattenuti dalla corsa precedente
→ NO: Indipendente dal gradiente → carryover dell'autocampionatore
3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
→ SÌ: Aiuta → il carryover era la causa. Protocollo di lavaggio più forte.
→ NO: Continue
4. Iniezione di acqua pura — c'è un picco?
→ SÌ: Sì → contaminazione della fonte d'acqua (sostanze organiche dal sistema DI)
→ NO: Continue

⚠️ Cause comuni:

Carryover nell'ago/loop dell'autocampionatore
Contaminazione dell'eluente (anche di grado HPLC)
Componenti fortemente trattenuti da corse precedenti
Plastica nelle fiale (ftalati, PEG dai tappi)
Acqua DI insufficientemente purificata

✓ Soluzioni:

✓ Rafforzare il protocollo di lavaggio: 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cicli)
✓ Lavaggio forte: DMSO 100% o MeOH 100% prima della calibrazione
✓ Filtrare gli eluenti con PTFE 0.22 µm in caso di dubbio
✓ Usare vetro ambrato + tappi con rivestimento in Teflon per i campioni
✓ Rampa di gradiente periodica fino a 100% B per 10 min (clean-out)

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations. 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography. 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

🧪 Solubilità e compatibilità con i solventi MolGod_SOLUB_1

Molecola

Serotonin

Formula

C10H12N2O

logP

0.20

Massa (g/mol)

176.21

Polarità

Moderata

⚠️ Stima GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Nessun dato HSP di letteratura per questo CAS — precisione ±2 MPa½. Verificare sperimentalmente.

Solvente	Compat.	Ra	GC-MS	HPLC	Applications	Riferimenti
Water (H₂O)	− Scarsa	35.5	✗ Nie	A (aqueous) (RP)	tamponecoltura cellulareanaliticoestrazione (idrofila)	Hansen (2007) ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗IAPWS ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
Ethanol (EtOH)	− Scarsa	13.2	✗ Nie	A/B modifier (RP/NP)	extractionspettroscopia (UV-Vis)sintesimodificatore HPLC	Hansen (2007) ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗
Methanol (MeOH)	− Scarsa	16.3	✗ Nie	A/B (RP) (RP)	HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm	Snyder & Kirkland ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗GESTIS ↗
Acetone	~ Media	9.4	✗ Nie	B modifier (NP)	GC headspacecristallizzazionesgrassaggiosintesi	Reichardt (2011) ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗
Acetonitrile (ACN)	− Scarsa	15.3	✗ Nie	B (RP) (RP)	eluente HPLC (gold standard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)analisi dei peptidi	Aguilar, M.I. ↗NIST ↗CRC ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
DMSO	− Scarsa	17.4	✗ Nie	N/A (N/A)	NMR (d6-DMSO)biologia cellulare (crioconservazione)somministrazione di farmacisintesi	Wypych, G. ↗NIST ↗Wypych 2019 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
THF	~ Media	9.8	✗ Nie	B (NP) (NP)	GPC/SEC (analisi dei polimeri)sintesi di Grignardorganometallici	Armarego (2009) ↗NIST ↗Armarego 2009 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)	− Scarsa	12.9	✓ Tak	B (NP) (NP)	extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScristallizzazione (anti-solvente)	NIST WebBook ↗NIST ↗IARC 71 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
Chloroform (CHCl₃)	− Scarsa	12.3	✓ Tak	N/A (toxic) (N/A)	NMR (CDCl3)estrazione dei lipidi (metodo Folch)NP-TLC	IARC Monographs ↗NIST ↗IARC 73 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Reichardt 2011 ↗GESTIS ↗
Hexane	~ Media	12.0	✓ Tak	A (NP) (NP)	NP-HPLCestrazione di oli (lipidi)GC-MSTLC (NP)	Dass, C. (2011) ↗NIST ↗ATSDR n-Hexane ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Snyder & Kirkland ↗GESTIS ↗
Toluene	− Scarsa	14.5	✓ Tak	B (NP) (NP)	NMR (d8-toluene)sintesiessiccazione azeotropica Dean-Stark	GESTIS DGUV ↗NIST ↗IARC 71 ↗Hansen 2007 ↗Smallwood ↗GESTIS ↗

Fonti: PubChem (NIH) · Hansen Solubility Database

📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — clicca per espandere

11 solventi × 5 fonti scientifiche indipendenti (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ citazioni complete di seguito.

Water (H₂O)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water

Ethanol (EtOH)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol

Methanol (MeOH)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol

Acetone

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone

Acetonitrile (ACN)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile

DMSO

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO

THF

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran

DCM (CH₂Cl₂)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane

Chloroform (CHCl₃)

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform

n-Hexane

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane

Toluene

NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene

Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):

Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Set tabulare completo di 250+ solventi (ε, μ, donicità, numeri di accettore).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 50-67-9 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🌐 Hansen Solubility Sphere (3D)

Quanto più vicino alla molecola (sfera rossa), tanto migliore è il solvente. · Avanzato: etichette + griglia + assi + pulsazione.

La tua molecola

Buono (Ra < 5)

Medio (Ra 5-10)

Scarso (Ra > 10)

📚 Fonti dei dati HSP + Ra

et al.. (2026). "A Portable and Highly Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Copper-Nickel Oxide-Decorated Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Serotonin Detection.". https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040185 [DOI ↗]
et al.. (2025). "Engineering hormonal crosstalk to enhance serotonin/melatonin levels in rice.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65067-6 [DOI ↗]
Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth Cooper, Tom Stockmann et al.. (2022). "The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence". Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 [DOI ↗]
Julien Bacqué-Cazenave, Rahul Bharatiya, Grégory Barrière et al.. (2020). "Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051649 [DOI ↗]
Nadine Herr, Christoph Bode, Daniel Duerschmied. (2017). "The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048 [DOI ↗]
Trisha A. Jenkins, Jason Nguyen, Kate Polglaze et al.. (2016). "Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis". Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010056 [DOI ↗]
Hongwei Yao, Lyda, Elizabeth, Sime, Patricia J et al.. (2014). "Serotonin and corticosterone rhythms in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and in patients with COPD:implication for COPD-associated neuropathogenesis". https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087999 [DOI ↗]
Pau Celada, M. Victoria Puig, Francesc Artigas. (2013). "Serotonin modulation of cortical neurons and networks". DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00025 [DOI ↗]
Hansen Solubility Database — hansen-solubility.com
PubChem — pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Metodo: Group Contribution (GC) — stima rapida di δD/δP/δH da logP in assenza di dati sperimentali. Accuratezza ±2 MPa^½. Per maggiore precisione → software HSPiP.

Hansen Solubility Parameters:

δD: 12 MPa^0.5

δP: 4.6 MPa^0.5

δH: 9.4 MPa^0.5

📚 FAQ tecniche — Serotonin (5) MolGod_TECHFAQ_1

❓ Jak przygotować roztwór standardowy serotoniny o stężeniu 100 µg/mL, jeśli czystość odczynnika wynosi 98%?

Aby przygotować roztwór standardowy serotoniny o stężeniu 100 µg/mL (0.1 mg/mL), należy obliczyć masę substancji czynnej: masa = stężenie × objętość = 0.1 mg/mL × 1 mL = 0.1 mg. Uwzględniając czystość 98%, wymagana masa serotoniny wynosi: 0.1 mg / 0.98 ≈ 0.102 mg. Następnie rozpuścić tę ilość w 1 mL rozpuszczalnika (np. metanolu) i uzupełnić do 1 mL wodą destylowaną.

Utile?

❓ W jakich warunkach należy przechowywać serotoninę, aby zminimalizować jej degradację?

Serotoninę należy przechowywać w temperaturze 2-8°C, w ciemności (chronić przed światłem), w szczelnie zamkniętym pojemniku z tworzywa sztucznego lub szkła. Wilgotność powietrza nie powinna przekraczać 65%. Unikać kontaktu z powietrzem i światłem, które mogą prowadzić do fotodegradacji.

Utile?

❓ Jaka metoda analityczna jest najbardziej odpowiednia do oznaczania serotoniny w próbkach biologicznych?

Dla serotoniny (MW 176.21 g/mol, logP ~1.5) zalecana jest chromatografia cieczowa wysokosprawna (HPLC) z detektorem UV (λ = 240-254 nm) lub spektrometrią mas (MS). Kolumna odwróconofazowa (np. C18) i elucja gradientowa (metanol/woda z dodatkiem buforu fosforanowego) są optymalne. GC nie jest typowo stosowana ze względu na niską lotność serotoniny.

Utile?

❓ Jakie reaktywności i niezgodności chemiczne wykazuje serotonina?

Serotonina jest wrażliwa na utlenianie, hydrolizę (w środowisku kwaśnym lub zasadowym) oraz deaminację. Nie należy jej przechowywać z silnymi utleniaczami (np. nadtlenkiem wodoru), mocnymi kwasami/zasadami ani enzymami monoaminooksydazy (MAO). Zaleca się stosowanie buforów fosforanowych i unikanie metali ciężkich.

Utile?

❓ W jakim praktycznym zastosowaniu laboratoryjnym wykorzystuje się serotoninę jako wzorzec?

Serotonina jest używana jako wzorzec wewnętrzny lub zewnętrzny w badaniach farmakologicznych, toksykologicznych i klinicznych. Służy do walidacji metod HPLC/MS w oznaczaniu neuroprzekaźników, a także jako standard w badaniach biodostępności leków przeciwdepresyjnych (np. selektywnych inhibitorów wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny, SSRI).

Utile?

🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1

ppm → mg/L

Temperature C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici MolGod_SPECDB_3

¹H NMR NMRShiftDB ↗ IR NIST WebBook ↗ MS MoNA ↗ UV-Vis SDBS Japan ↗ MS (NIST) NIST MS ↗ NMR (SDBS) SDBS NMR ↗ JP Monograph Farmacopea JP ↗ WHO INN WHO Model ↗ DOAJ Open Access ↗

📋 Generatore di protocolli di laboratorio MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Concentrazione target

Volume (mL)

Iniziali

Protocollo generato sulla base di: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1

Concentration

Data di preparazione

Iniziali

ADMET — profilo farmacologico

Caricamento delle predizioni ADMET…

🧪 Assistente di preparazione della soluzione (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Inserisci cosa vuoi preparare — genererò una SOP

Esempi qui sotto — clicca per inserire:

Ricette predefinite:

📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 50-67-9MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN

⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 8 publications

🏆 CAS 50-67-9 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.

#1

International Union of Pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin)

Hoyer, D.; Clarke, D.E.; Fozard, J.R.; Hartig, P.R.; Martin, G.R. et al. (1990) · Pharmacological Reviews

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · alto impatto (1820 citazioni)

SCORE 12.03 Meccanismo MUST-CITE Citazioni: 1820
#2

The expanded biology of serotonin

Berger, M.; Gray, J.A.; Roth, B.L. (2003) · Annual Review of Medicine

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · alto impatto (1480 citazioni)

SCORE 11.76 Meccanismo MUST-CITE Citazioni: 1480 DOI ↗
#3

Serotonin content of some mammalian tissues and urine and a method for its determination

Twarog, B.M.; Page, I.H. (1953) · American Journal of Physiology

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 680 citations · articolo storico (1953)

SCORE 11.55 Storica MUST-CITE Citazioni: 680 DOI ↗
#4

Prozac (fluoxetine, Lilly 110140), the first selective serotonin uptake inhibitor

Wong, D.T.; Bymaster, F.P.; Engleman, E.A. (1987) · Life Sciences

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 820 citations

SCORE 10.54 Farmacologia MUST-CITE Citazioni: 820 DOI ↗
#5

Serum vasoconstrictor (serotonin); IV. Isolation and characterization

Rapport, M.M.; Green, A.A.; Page, I.H. (1948) · Journal of Biological Chemistry

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 480 citations · articolo storico (1948)

SCORE 10.3 Storica MUST-CITE Citazioni: 480 DOI ↗
#6

The roles of serotonin in neuropsychiatric disorders

Pourhamzeh, M.; Moravej, F.G.; Arabi, M.; Shahriari, E.; Mehrabi, S. et al. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 260 citations · rassegna

SCORE 9.65 Rassegna MUST-CITE Citazioni: 260 DOI ↗
#7

Determination of dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in pediatric cerebrospinal fluid by isocratic HPLC-EC

Hubbard, K.E.; Wells, A.; Owens, T.S.; Tagen, M.; Fraga, C.H.; Stewart, C.F. (2007) · Biomedical Chromatography

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 160 citations

SCORE 8.22 Analitica MUST-CITE Citazioni: 160 DOI ↗
#8

Serotonin: a review

Mohammad-Zadeh, L.F.; Moses, L.; Gwaltney-Brant, S.M. (2007) · Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 340 citations

SCORE 7.6 Meccanismo MUST-CITE Citazioni: 340 DOI ↗

Tag	TF	DF	IDF	Score
health	2	2	1.847	3.695

📈 Gradiente HPLC — ottimizzatore (LSS) MODELLO

Gradiente basato su PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, cap. 9).

Colonna: C18
Tampone: phosphate
Flusso: 1 mL/min
logP: 0.2 (PubChem XLogP3)
Ramp: 7% → 95% B, 10 min
Tempo totale di analisi: 23 min

t (min)	%A	%B	flow (mL/min)	Commento
0	93	7	1	avvio (equilibrio)
2	93	7	1	fine mantenimento iniziale
12	5	95	1	fine rampa LSS
17	5	95	1	lavaggio della colonna
18	93	7	1	ritorno a init
23	93	7	1	riequilibrazione

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)

Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗]
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. [DOI ↗]

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/50-67-9

📐 Calcolatore della simmetria del picco HPLC (USP Tf / As)

Calcola il fattore di tailing USP (T) e l'asimmetria (As) dalle semilarghezze del picco. Inserisci a (semilarghezza sinistra) e b (semilarghezza destra) misurate al 5% o 10% dell'altezza del picco.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)

USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

📊 Calcolatore di risoluzione e numero di piatti (Rs, N, H)

Calcola la risoluzione Rs, il numero di piatti teorici N e l'HETP (H) per una coppia di picchi HPLC. Inserisci i tempi di ritenzione, le larghezze dei picchi (al 50% o alla base) e la lunghezza della colonna.

tr₁ (tempo di ritenzione 1) tr₂ (tempo di ritenzione 2) Metodo w₁ (larghezza 1) w₂ (larghezza 2) Lunghezza della colonna (mm)

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)

Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

🧪 System Suitability — calcolatore live (USP <621>)

Inserisci i dati di 5-6 iniezioni (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — il calcolatore calcolerà %RSD, le medie e verificherà la conformità con USP <621>. Puoi incollare un CSV (separato da virgole) o modificare i singoli valori.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)

USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."

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🔗 Codice HTML iframe (il più semplice — funziona ovunque)

Copia e incolla nell'editor HTML del tuo sito:

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Inseriscilo nel catalogo prodotti, sull'etichetta del flacone o su un volantino. Il cliente lo scansiona — vede la molecola 3D sul telefono, con un link al tuo negozio.

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📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 107 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 50-67-9.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 50-67-9. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=50-67-9. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 50-67-9. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 50-67-9. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=50-67-9. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
ECHA. 2026. C&L Inventory and REACH Registration: CAS 50-67-9. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📐 Standard / Linee guida

ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 50-67-9." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monographs

IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 50-67-9. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Siti web

ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
U.S. OSHA. 2026. "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance: CAS 50-67-9." Washington, DC: U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/hazwoper. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
National Fire Protection Association (2018) — NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-472.
European Union. 2026. "EUR-Lex Legal Database: CAS 50-67-9." Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012L0018. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024) — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
U.S. FDA. 2026. "FDA Guidance and Resources: CAS 50-67-9." Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111.
European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954.
AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. https://www.aoac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/app_f.pdf.
International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
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Identificatori chimici

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🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

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🧬 Classificazione di cancerogenicità IARC

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🔬 Limiti di esposizione professionale (PubChem × NIOSH/OSHA)

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🥽 PPE — Dispositivi di protezione individuale

🩹 Primo soccorso

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Passo 2: Parametri del tampone

Passo 3: La tua ricetta

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🔍 Albero diagnostico:

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

🔍 Albero diagnostico:

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Hansen Solubility Parameters:

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