Calciumpropionat — Etikett CAS 4075-81-4

Calciumpropionat

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Propionian wapnia, CAS 4075-81-4

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3D-Modell Calcium propionate, CAS 4075-81-4, Summenformel C6H10CaO4, molare Masse 186.22 g/mol
Chemische Übersicht: Calcium propionateMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
SummenformelC6H10CaO4
Molekulargewicht186.22 g/mol
IUPAC-Namecalcium propanoate
SMILESCCC(=O)[O-].CCC(=O)[O-].[Ca+2]
InChIKeyBCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Synonyme: CALCIUM PROPIONATE · 4075-81-4 · Calcium propanoate · Propanoic acid, calcium salt · Bioban-C

Datenquellen: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2026-11-10

📊 Physikochemische Eigenschaften

Kurzübersicht

Formel: C6H10CaO4
MW: 186.22 g/mol
CAS: 4075-81-4
Aussehen: COLORLESS, MONOCLINIC TABLETS

Detaillierte Eigenschaften

Eigenschaft Wert Einheit Bedingungen Quelle
Wasserlöslichkeit SOLUBILITY IN 49 G/100 CC WATER @ 0 °C (32 °F); 55.8 G/100 CC WATER @ 100 °C (212 °F) /HYDRATE/ PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
🔬 Erweiterte Eigenschaften

Chemische Kennungen

SMILES: CCC(=O)[O-].CCC(=O)[O-].[Ca+2]
InChI: InChI=1S/2C3H6O2.Ca/c2*1-2-3(4)5;/h2*2H2,1H3,(H,4,5);/q;;+2/p-2
InChIKey: BCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Datenquellen: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2026-07-11

Regulatorischer Status der Substanz
Diese Substanz unterliegt regulatorischen Anforderungen: Bewirtschaftung gefährlicher Abfälle (BDO-Register). Details im Abschnitt "Regulatorischer Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" und im SDS. Regulatorische Information — schränkt den Kauf in diesem Shop nicht ein.
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CAS Registry Number4075-81-4Öffnen →
PubChem CID19999Öffnen →
InChIKeyBCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-LÖffnen →
InChIInChI=1S/2C3H6O2.Ca/c2*1-2-3(4)5;/h2*2H2,1H3,(H,…
SMILESCCC(=O)[O-].CCC(=O)[O-].[Ca+2]
EC Number223-795-8Öffnen →
ChEMBLCHEMBL3186661Öffnen →
KEGG CompoundC18379Öffnen →
HMDBHMDB0303692Öffnen →
ChemSpider18840Öffnen →
UNII (FDA)8AI80040KWÖffnen →
WikiData QIDQ417394Öffnen →

Quellen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spektroskopie — CAS 4075-81-4MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
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Keine Daten in unserer Datenbank für CAS 4075-81-4.

Externe Quellen prüfen:

🔄 Umrechner für Konzentrationseinheiten LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Geben Sie die Konzentration Calcium propionate in einer beliebigen Einheit ein — der Rest wird automatisch berechnet.

MW: 186.22 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Umrechnungsformeln + Zitate (pro Formel)
UmrechnungFormelGenauigkeitQuelle
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 autoritative Quellen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
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Berechnungen nach: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Sicherheit — CAS 4075-81-4MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Hinweis zu Datenbeschränkungen. Die Sicherheitsinformationen auf dieser Seite dienen nur zur Information und ersetzen kein vollständiges Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDS). Konsultieren Sie vor der Verwendung des Produkts das aktuelle Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Herstellers sowie die GHS/CLP-Leitlinien. Die CLP-Einstufung bezieht sich auf die reine Bulk-Substanz, nicht auf handelsübliche Zubereitungen.

GHS/CLP-Einstufung — Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Gefahr (Danger)
GHS05 — Ätzend
GHS05 Ätzend

🚨 Gefahrenhinweise (H)

  • H318 — Verursacht schwere Augenschäden.

🛡 Sicherheitshinweise (P)

  • P264 — Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

⚠ Einstufung basierend auf einem Konsens der Quellen (PubChem / Meldungen der Lieferanten) — nicht gegen die harmonisierte Einstufung in Anhang VI (CLP) verifiziert. Der Gefahrenumfang kann breiter sein als die amtliche Einstufung; vor der Verwendung mit dem aktuellen Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Lieferanten verifizieren.

Übersetzungen: CLP-Verordnung (EG) 1272/2008, Anhang III und IV. Daten: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Konsolidierte wissenschaftliche Referenzen — Chicago Author-Date 10 Quellen

Referenzen aus allen Safety-Hub-Registerkarten gesammelt. CAS: 4075-81-4 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Vorschriften
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Registerkarten mit eigenen Referenzen (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) enthalten zusätzliche bibliografische Einträge in ihren jeweiligen Abschnitten.

📈 Analytische Statistik (t-Test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Fügen Sie eine Serie von Messwiederholungen ein (CSV oder eine Zahl pro Zeile). Der Rechner berechnet Mittelwert, Standardabweichung und 95% CI und erkennt Ausreißer (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Trennzeichen: Komma, Leerzeichen, Tab, Zeilenumbruch. Min. 3 Messungen.
📐 Statistische Formeln
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetisches Mittel
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — Stichprobenvarianz
  • s = √s² — Standardabweichung
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative Standardabweichung
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-Test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Quelle: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Puffer-Rezept-Rechner EINZIGARTIG
Literatur: pKa-Werte aus Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wählen Sie einen Puffer aus der Liste von 20 gängigen Systemen → geben Sie den Ziel-pH-Wert ein → Sie erhalten ein exaktes Rezept mit den einzuwiegenden Massen.

Schritt 1: Puffersystem wählen

📜 Rezeptverlauf (letzte 10)
🧪 Löslichkeit und Lösungsmittelkompatibilität MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekül
Calcium propionate
Formel
C6H10CaO4
logP
—
Masse (g/mol)
186.22
Polarität
—

⚠️ GC-Schätzung (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen). Keine HSP-Literaturdaten für diese CAS — Genauigkeit ±2 MPa½. Experimentell verifizieren.

Lösungsmittel Compat. Ra Visuell GC-MS HPLC Anwendungen Referenzen
Water (H₂O)− Schwach39.4
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
PufferZellkulturanalytischhydrophile Extraktion
Ethanol (EtOH)− Schwach16.6
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
ExtraktionSpektroskopie (UV-Vis)SyntheseHPLC-Modifier
Methanol (MeOH)− Schwach19.6
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone~ Mittel9.1
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspaceKristallisationEntfettungSynthese
Acetonitrile (ACN)− Schwach14.7
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC-Eluent (Goldstandard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)Peptidanalyse
DMSO− Schwach17.9
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)Zellbiologie (Kryokonservierung)ArzneimittelabgabeSynthese
THF~ Mittel10.0
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (Polymeranalyse)Grignard-Synthesemetallorganisch
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)− Schwach12.5
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
ExtraktionNP-HPLCGC-MSKristallisation (Anti-Solvens)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)~ Mittel11.7
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)Lipidextraktion (Folch-Methode)NP-TLC
Hexane~ Mittel9.2
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCÖlextraktion (Lipide)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Schwach12.9
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)SyntheseDean-Stark azeotrope Trocknung
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen für Lösungsmittel (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken

11 Lösungsmittel × 5 unabhängige wissenschaftliche Quellen (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ vollständige Zitate unten.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Löslichkeitstheorie (angewendet in der Verträglichkeitsvorhersage):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP-Triplett (dD, dP, dH) + Ra-Formel.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Vollständige tabellarische Sammlung von 250+ Lösungsmitteln (ε, μ, Donizität, Akzeptorzahlen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 4075-81-4 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Vollständige Bibliografie im Akkordeon REFERENZEN (am Ende der Seite) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🧮 Laborrechner (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdünnung (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarität (M=n/V)
pH-Puffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Mol
Konzentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatur C↔F↔K

Verifizierte Formeln: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spektroskopische Spektrendatenbanken MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Laborprotokoll-Generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokoll erstellt auf Grundlage von: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Etiketten-Generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Calciumpropionat• CALCIUM PROPIONATE• CAS: 4075-81-4• Formel: C6H10CaO4• Masse: 186.22 g/molGEFAHRGHS-GEFAHRENHINWEISE:H318: Verursacht schwere Augenschäden.P264: Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.Nur für Laborzwecke!DH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.Charge-Nr.: Nettomasse: Herst.:
ADMET — Pharmakologisches Profil

Drug-Likeness-Radardiagramm (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Grüne Zone = Übereinstimmung mit den Kriterien.

Vorhersagedaten — in silico berechnete Eigenschaften (SMILES/RDKit). Sie ersetzen keine klinischen Studien. Nicht zur Arzneimittelbewertung ohne experimentelle Verifizierung verwenden.

MW186.2LogP0HBD0HBA4RotB0TPSA80.3 Ų
✓ Lipinski Ro5✓ Veber✓ Egan✗ Ghose✗ REOS (MW=186)✗ Lead-like Ro3 (HBA=4)
EigenschaftWertBewertung
Resorption (GI)hoch✓
BHS-Permeabilitätnein
Bioverfügbarkeit (Daina 2017)
55%
CYP450-ProfilCYP1A2 unknownCYP2C9 unknownCYP2C19 unknownCYP2D6 unknownCYP3A4 unknown
PAINS-Warnungen0✓
Brenk-Warnungen0✓
pKa (pH 7.4)7 (heuristic)
hERG (Kardiotox.)✓ nein
P-gp-Substrat—
Ames-Mutagenität⚠ ja
DILI (Hepatotox.)—
LogS (Wasserlösl.)—
Quellen (ADMET-Methodik)
  1. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
  2. Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
  3. Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
  4. Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
  5. Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
  6. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  7. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  8. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
  11. Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
  12. Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
  13. Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
  14. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  15. Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
  16. Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
  17. Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
  18. Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
  19. Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
  20. Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
  21. 2024. "Cellular toxicity of calcium propionate in human lymphocyte." DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.8.2. [DOI ↗]
  22. Arrazola, Aitor; Torrey, Stephanie. 2018. "Conditioned place avoidance using encapsulated calcium propionate as an appetite suppressant for broiler breeders Conditioned place avoidance and calcium propionate." DOI: 10.1101/441220. [DOI ↗]
  23. Arrazola, Aitor, Torrey, Stephanie. 2018. "Conditioned place avoidance using encapsulated calcium propionate as an appetite suppressant for broiler breeders Conditioned place avoidance and calcium propionate.". https://doi.org/10.1101/441220. [DOI ↗]
  24. Anonymous. 2011. "Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of propionic acid, sodium propionate, calcium propionate and ammonium propionate for all animal species." EFSA Journal 9 (12). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2446. [DOI ↗]
  25. Türkoğlu, Şifa. 2008. "Evaluation of genotoxic effects of sodium propionate, calcium propionate and potassium propionate on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa." Food and Chemical Toxicology. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.043. [DOI ↗]
  26. 2007. "Calcium Propionate." Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. DOI: 10.1002/9780470114735.hawley02790. [DOI ↗]
  27. 2004. "Calcium Propionate 4075‐81‐4." Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. DOI: 10.1002/0471701343.sdp04816. [DOI ↗]
  28. 2003. "Calcium Propionate." Food Additives Data Book. DOI: 10.1002/9780470995327.ch298. [DOI ↗]
  29. "Calcium Propionate." DOI: 10.31003/uspnf_m952_02_01. [DOI ↗]
  30. "Calcium Propionate." DOI: 10.31003/uspnf_m952_01_01. [DOI ↗]
  31. "Calcium Propionate." DOI: 10.31003/fcc_f100283_03_01. [DOI ↗]
  32. Anonymous. "Calcium Propionate.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m952_02_01. [DOI ↗]
  33. Anonymous. "Calcium Propionate.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m952_01_01. [DOI ↗]
  34. Anonymous. "Calcium Propionate.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100283_03_01. [DOI ↗]
  35. et al. 2026. "Sustainable Synthesis of Calcium Propionate from Cockle Shell Biowaste for Food Additive Production." DOI: 10.3390/ijms27114955. [DOI ↗]
  36. et al. 2026. "Sustainable synthesis of calcium propionate from postbiotic propionic acid produced by Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis-Pichia kudriavzevii co-culture using alternative calcium sources: Physicochemical characterization and feed additive potential." DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2026.3932-3943. [DOI ↗]
  37. Bahmanpour, Hannaneh, Sowti Khiabani, Mahmood, pirsa, sajad. 2023. "Improving the microbial and physicochemical shelf life of yufka paste using Lactobacillus plantarum and calcium propionate." DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3857. [DOI ↗]
  38. Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
  39. et al. 2023. "Effects of maternal calcium propionate supplementation on offspring productivity and meat metabolomic profile in sheep." DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294627. [DOI ↗]
  40. Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
  41. Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
  42. Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
  43. Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
  44. Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
  45. 2011. "Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery." Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.1211936. PMID: 22096101. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  46. 2008. "In silico activity profiling reveals the mechanism of action of antimalarials discovered in a high-throughput screen." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802982105. PMID: 18579783. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  47. "Malaria Box." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL2028040. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  48. "Malaria Box Tuberculosis Screening Data." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL2094260. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  49. "Malaria Box Schistosomiasis Screening Data." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL2363022. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  50. "UCSF DeRisi Lab MMV Box Apicoplast Screening." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL2448809. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  51. "MMV Box Cryptosporidium parvum screening set." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL3137356. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  52. "MMV Box Onchocerca lienalis screening set." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL3137381. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  53. "MMV Malaria Box screening against Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL3301448. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  54. "MMV Malaria Box gametocyte functional viability assay screening." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL3301451. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  55. "MMV Malaria Box hERG screening." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL3301458. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  56. "MMV Malaria Box anti-babesial screening." DOI: 10.6019/CHEMBL3301464. [ChEMBL bioactivity primary lit] [DOI ↗]
  57. PubMed PMID PubChem. (Metadata fetch failed.) ↗
  58. et al. 2025. "Role of Calcium Propionate and Monensin on Performance, Rumen Fermentation Patterns, and Ruminal Bacterial Populations in Growing Lambs." DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12040298. [DOI ↗]
  59. 2025. "Optimal Calcium Propionate Supplementation in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows Improves Milk Yield and Alters Milk Composition." DOI: 10.3390/ani15202995. [DOI ↗]
  60. et al. 2025. "Rapid and Esthetic Wound Healing in Surgery by Applying a Powdered Mixture of Mannose and Calcium Propionate." DOI: 10.1007/s00266-025-05186-z. [DOI ↗]
  61. et al. 2024. "Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Meat Quality of Finishing Lambs Supplemented with Calcium Propionate or Sodium Propionate." DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11120604. [DOI ↗]
  62. et al. 2023. "Effects of Duration of Calcium Propionate Supplementation in Lambs Finished with Supplemental Zilpaterol Hydrochloride: Productive Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality." DOI: 10.3390/ani13193113. [DOI ↗]
  63. et al. 2022. "Alterations in the Milk Metabolome of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Different Levels of Calcium Propionate in Early Lactation." DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080699. [DOI ↗]
  64. Xuemei Nan, Hui Wang, Yiguang Zhao et al. 2022. "Dietary supplementation with calcium propionate could beneficially alter rectal microbial composition of early lactation dairy cows." Frontiers Media S.A.. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.940216. [DOI ↗]
  65. Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
  66. Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
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  79. Falcoz, Christine, Oliver, Ruth, McDowall, Jo E., Ventresca, Pietro, Bye, Alan, Daley-Yates, Peter T.. 2000. "Bioavailability of Orally Administered Micronised Fluticasone Propionate." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 39 (Supplement 1): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200039001-00002. [DOI ↗]
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🧪 Assistent zur Lösungsherstellung (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

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📚 Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Literatur — CAS 4075-81-4MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Wichtigste Erkenntnisse (wissenschaftliche Literatur) 20 Publikationen
🏆 CAS 4075-81-4 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% Zitierungen · 20% Aktualität · 20% Thema · 15% historisch · 15% Open Access.
  1. #1
    et al. (2023) · Animals
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2023) · open access
    SCORE 9.39 Pharmakologie Zitierungen: 11 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    J.P. McNamara, F. Valdez (2005) · Journal of Dairy Science
    Warum es wichtig ist: 123 Zitierungen · open access
    SCORE 9.33 Pharmakologie Zitierungen: 123 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2022) · Metabolites
    Warum es wichtig ist: Open access
    SCORE 8.85 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 9 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    Xuemei Nan, Hui Wang, Yiguang Zhao et al. (2022) · Frontiers Media S.A.
    Warum es wichtig ist: Open access
    SCORE 8.39 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 6 Open Access DOI ↗
  5. #5
    et al. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2024) · open access
    SCORE 8.35 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 4 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Bahmanpour, Hannaneh, Sowti Khiabani, Mahmood, pirsa, sajad (2023) · Food Science & Nutrition
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2023) · open access
    SCORE 8.25 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 4 Open Access DOI ↗
  7. #7
    et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    et al. (2026) · Veterinary World
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.68 Industrie Zitierungen: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2023) · PLOS ONE
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2023) · open access
    SCORE 7.58 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    Qianqian Yao, Qingxiang Meng, Zhenming Zhou et al. (2017) · Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies
    Warum es wichtig ist: Open access
    SCORE 7.47 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 10 Open Access DOI ↗
  12. #12
    Fan Zhang; Xiangfang Tang; Benhai Xiong (2025) · Animals
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.15 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    Alejandro Rivera-Villegas, Gabriel Romero, Oliver Yaotzin Sánchez-Barbosa et al. (2026) · Ruminants
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Industrie Open Access DOI ↗
  14. #14
    GAO Quan-chao, ZHANG Jun-yu, ZHANG Wei-yang et al. (2024) · Siliao yanjiu
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2024) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Pharmakologie Open Access
  15. #15
    (2011) · EFSA Journal
    Warum es wichtig ist: Open access
    SCORE 6.39 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 18 Open Access DOI ↗
  16. #16
    et al. (2025) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  17. #17
    Kritpipat Pongsavee; Malinee Pongsavee (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Biology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2024) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  18. #18
    Fan Zhang; Xiangfang Tang; Benhai Xiong (2025)
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗
  19. #19
    et al. (2025) · Animals
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  20. #20
    Şifa Türkoğlu (2008) · Food and Chemical Toxicology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Ausgewählt nach einem Multikriterien-Score (Zitierungen + Aktualität + Thema + historisch + OA).
    SCORE 4.67 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 35 DOI ↗

Description

Propionian wapnia, CAS 4075-81-4

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📈 HPLC-Gradient — Optimierer (LSS) VORLAGE

logP unbekannt — PubChem hat keinen XLogP-Wert geliefert. Der folgende Gradient ist eine allgemeine Vorlage 5–95% MeCN/H2O in 15 min; überprüfen Sie die Parameter vor der Verwendung.

⚠ logP nicht verfügbar. PubChem hat keine XLogP3-Eigenschaft für diese CAS-Nummer geliefert. Die untenstehenden Gradientenwerte sind eine allgemeine Vorlage — keine an die Verbindung angepasste LSS-Anpassung.
  • Säule: C18
  • Puffer: phosphate
  • Fluss: 1 mL/min
  • logP: logP nicht verfügbar
  • Rampe: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Gesamtanalysenzeit: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Kommentar
0 79 21 1 Start (Gleichgewicht)
2 79 21 1 Ende der Anfangshaltezeit
17 5 95 1 Ende der LSS-Rampe
22 5 95 1 Säulenspülung
23 79 21 1 Rückkehr zu init
28 79 21 1 Reäquilibrierung
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. [DOI ↗]

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/4075-81-4

📐 HPLC-Peaksymmetrie-Rechner (USP Tf / As)

Berechnen Sie den USP-Tailing-Faktor (T) und die Asymmetrie (As) aus den Peak-Halbwertsbreiten. Geben Sie a (linke Halbbreite) und b (rechte Halbbreite) an, gemessen bei 5% oder 10% der Peakhöhe.

📚 Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📊 Rechner für Auflösung und Bodenzahl (Rs, N, H)

Berechnen Sie die Auflösung Rs, die theoretische Bodenzahl N und HETP (H) für ein Paar von HPLC-Peaks. Geben Sie die Retentionszeiten, Peakbreiten (bei 50% oder an der Basis) und die Säulenlänge an.

📚 Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

Related products

🧪 Systemeignung — Live-Rechner (USP <621>)

Geben Sie Daten aus 5-6 Injektionen ein (Flächen, tR, Tailing, Böden) — der Rechner berechnet %RSD, Mittelwerte und prüft die Konformität mit USP <621>. Sie können CSV (kommagetrennt) einfügen oder einzelne Werte bearbeiten.

📚 Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."

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📚 REFERENZEN (Gesammelte Bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 107 Einträge

Alle wissenschaftlichen Quellen, die in den Akkordeons oben für CAS 4075-81-4 zitiert werden.Format: Chicago Manual of Style, 17. Aufl., Autor-Datum-System.

🗄️ Wissenschaftliche Datenbanken

  1. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 4075-81-4. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=4075-81-4. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  2. AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 4075-81-4. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  3. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 4075-81-4. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=4075-81-4. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  4. ECHA. 2026. C&L Inventory and REACH Registration: CAS 4075-81-4. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📐 Standards / Richtlinien

  1. ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 4075-81-4." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Bücher

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monografien

  1. IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 4075-81-4. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📄 Wissenschaftliche Artikel (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Websites

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. U.S. OSHA. 2026. "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance: CAS 4075-81-4." Washington, DC: U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/hazwoper. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  10. National Fire Protection Association (2018) — NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-472.
  11. European Union. 2026. "EUR-Lex Legal Database: CAS 4075-81-4." Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012L0018. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  12. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024) — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  13. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  14. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  15. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  16. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  17. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  18. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  19. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  20. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  21. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  22. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  23. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  24. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
  25. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
  26. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  27. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  28. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  29. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
  30. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
  31. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  32. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
  33. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
  34. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
  35. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
  36. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  37. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
  38. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  39. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
  40. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  41. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
  42. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
  43. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
  44. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  45. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  46. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  47. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
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  51. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  52. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
  53. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  54. U.S. FDA. 2026. "FDA Guidance and Resources: CAS 4075-81-4." Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  55. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111.
  56. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
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