formaldeide — etichetta CAS 50-00-0

formaldeide

IARC Gruppo 1 — Sostanza cancerogena per l'uomo
CAS: 50-00-0 | Fonte IARC
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Reagente chimico Formaldehyd (CAS 50-00-0). Scheda enciclopedica completa — classificazione, proprietà e dati di sicurezza — di seguito.

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MolGod_SDSCARD_1
REACH 2020/878
v13 · 21.07.2026
Category:
🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D
Caricamento molecola...
Modello 3D Formaldehyde, CAS 50-00-0, formula molecolare CH2O, massa molare 30.026 g/mol
Panoramica chimica: FormaldehydeMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Formula molecolareCH2O
Peso molecolare30.026 g/mol
Punto di fusione-92 °C
Punto di ebollizione-19 °C
Densità0.8153 g/cm³
LogP (lipofilia)0.35
pKa13.27
Nome IUPACformaldehyde
SMILESC=O
InChIKeyWSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Sinonimi: formaldehyde · formalin · methanal · 50-00-0 · formol

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH), CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-11-10

RICERCA SCIENTIFICA

[1]Europe PMC2025
Formaldehyde and its surrogates as a C1 platform for defossilised modern societies.
(2025). "Formaldehyde and its surrogates as a C1 platform for defossilised modern societies.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00882d
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[2]OpenAlex2016
Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens
Nathan H. Chen, Karrera Y. Djoko, Frédéric J. Veyrier et al.. (2016). "Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens". Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00257
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[3]Core2013
TiO2-doped resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) polymer and carbon gels with photocatalytic activity
Geissler, Erik, Szilagyi, Imre, M., Czakkel, O. et al.. (2013). "TiO2-doped resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) polymer and carbon gels with photocatalytic activity". https://doi.org/10.2478/nanome-2013-0001
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[4]OpenAlex2012
Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns
Eloïse A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, T. P. Kurosu et al.. (2012). "Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.or
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[5]Core2012
Formaldehyde 50-00-0
(2012). "Formaldehyde 50-00-0". https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp12723.pub2
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[6]Molgod Data Citations:crossref2011
NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: formaldehyde/formalin [CAS No. 50-00-0].
(2011). "NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: formaldehyde/formalin [CAS No. 50-00-0].". https://doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2011145
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[7]Core2010
Sol-gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination
Kanatharana, Proespichaya, Thavarungkul, Panote, Higson, Seamus P. J. et al.. (2010). "Sol-gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.034
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[8]OpenAlex2010
Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value
Gunnar Damgård Nielsen, Peder Wolkoff. (2010). "Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value". Archives of Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0549-1
Vai allo studio completo ↗
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 19 refs · 5 baz

MOLEKUŁA Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:Europe PMC (1) · db:openalex (12) · db:core (5) · db:molgod_data_citations:crossref (1)

  1. db:Europe PMC (2025). "Formaldehyde and its surrogates as a C1 platform for defossilised modern societies.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00882d →
  2. db:openalex Nathan H. Chen, Karrera Y. Djoko, Frédéric J. Veyrier et al.. (2016). "Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens". Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00257 →
  3. db:core Geissler, Erik, Szilagyi, Imre, M., Czakkel, O. et al.. (2013). "TiO2-doped resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) polymer and carbon gels with photocatalytic activity". https://doi.org/10.2478/nanome-2013-0001 →
  4. db:openalex Eloïse A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, T. P. Kurosu et al.. (2012). "Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6219-2012 →
  5. db:core (2012). "Formaldehyde 50-00-0". https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp12723.pub2 →
  6. db:molgod_data_citations:crossref (2011). "NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: formaldehyde/formalin [CAS No. 50-00-0].". https://doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2011145 →
  7. db:core Kanatharana, Proespichaya, Thavarungkul, Panote, Higson, Seamus P. J. et al.. (2010). "Sol-gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.034 →
  8. db:openalex Gunnar Damgård Nielsen, Peder Wolkoff. (2010). "Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value". Archives of Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0549-1 →
  9. db:openalex Susana Viegas, Carina Ladeira, Carla Nunes et al.. (2010). "Genotoxic effects in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: A study in anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production". Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-5-25 →
  10. db:openalex Anton C. de Groot, Mari‐Ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen et al.. (2009). "Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers". Contact Dermatitis. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x →
  11. db:openalex Michael Hauptmann, Patricia A. Stewart, Jay H. Lubin et al.. (2009). "Mortality From Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies and Brain Cancer Among Embalmers Exposed to Formaldehyde". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp416 →
  12. db:openalex T. Stavrakou, Jean‐François Müller, Isabelle De Smedt et al.. (2009). "Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1037-2009 →
  13. db:openalex T. Stavrakou, Jean‐François Müller, Isabelle De Smedt et al.. (2009). "Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003–2006". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009 →
  14. db:openalex A. Heckel, Andreas Richter, T. Tarsu et al.. (2005). "MAX-DOAS measurements of formaldehyde in the Po-Valley". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-909-2005 →
  15. db:openalex Eric Brown, Michael R. Kessler, Nancy R. Sottos et al.. (2003). "In situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene". Journal of Microencapsulation. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265204031000154160 →
  16. db:core Chance, K., Daniel J. Jacob, Palmer, P. I. et al.. (2000). "Satellite observations of formaldehyde over North America from GOME". https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011857 →
  17. db:openalex Sherwood Burge, M G Harries, W.K. Lam et al.. (1985). "Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde.". Thorax. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.40.4.255 →
  18. db:openalex John D. Goddard, Henry F. Schaefer. (1979). "The photodissociation of formaldehyde: Potential energy surface features". The Journal of Chemical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.437353 →
  19. db:core (0). "ToxFAQs for formaldehyde".
📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: CH2O
MW: 30.03 g/mol
CAS: 50-00-0
Aspetto: Nearly colorless gas [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution]. /Pure formaldehyde/
Odore: Pungent, suffocating odor
Odore: Pungent, suffocating odor

Proprietà dettagliate

Proprietà Valore Unità Conditions Source
Densità (ρ) 0.8153 g/cm³ -20 °C (-4 °F) CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Punto di fusione (mp) -92.00 °C (-133.6 °F) 1 atm CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Punto di ebollizione (bp) -19.00 °C (-2.2 °F) 1 atm CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Punto di infiammabilità 60.00 °C (140 °F) closed cup CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Tensione di vapore 3886.000 mmHg 25 °C (77 °F) CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Solubilità in acqua 400.000 g/L 20 °C (68 °F) CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Indice di rifrazione (nD) 1.3746 20 °C (68 °F), D-line CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
pKa 13.270 25 °C (77 °F) CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
🔬 Proprietà avanzate
Costante dielettrica (ε) 13.300 25°C

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: C=O

Fonti dei dati: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-06-30

Stato normativo della sostanza
Elenchi: US/TSCA, CA/DSL_TOXIC, AU/AICS. Informazione normativa — non limita l'acquisto nel negozio.
🧮 Calcolatore stechiometricoMolGod_STOICH_1
🔍 Identificatori esterniMolGod_EXTID_1
14 su 16 sistemi ID88%
DatabaseIdentificatoreAzioni
CAS Registry Number50-00-0Apri →
PubChem CID712Apri →
InChIKeyWSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-NApri →
InChIInChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2
SMILESC=O
EC Number200-001-8Apri →
DrugBankDB03843Apri →
KEGG CompoundD00017Apri →
HMDBHMDB0001426Apri →
ChemSpider692Apri →
MeSH UID (NLM)D005557Apri →
UNII (FDA)1HG84L3525Apri →
NSC Number (NCI)298885Apri →
WikiData QIDQ161210Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 50-00-0MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
📊 Spettri (NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis) (1)

Tipi di spettri disponibili: IR

Spettro IR (KBr, 4000-400 cm⁻¹)

447 punti dati · Fonte: NIST WebBook · NIST ↗ · 📥 JCAMP-DX
📋 Tabella dei picchi (peak assignment)
Type Position Intensità Assegnazione
IR 587.64 0.7 —
IR 595.05 0.7 —
IR 602.47 0.7 —
IR 609.89 0.7 —
IR 617.31 0.7 —
IR 624.73 0.7 —
IR 632.15 0.8 —
IR 639.57 0.8 —
IR 646.99 0.9 —
IR 654.41 0.9 —
IR 661.82 0.9 —
IR 669.24 0.9 —
IR 676.66 1 —
IR 684.08 1 —
IR 691.5 1 —
IR 698.92 1 —
IR 706.34 1 —
IR 713.76 1 —
IR 721.18 1 —
IR 728.59 1 —
🎓 Guida all'interpretazione degli spettri (per studenti)
Come leggere uno spettro IR
  • 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ — stiramento O-H (picco allargato = legame a idrogeno)
  • 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C-H (sp³)
  • 1650-1750 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C=O (chetoni, aldeidi, esteri)
  • 1400-1600 cm⁻¹ — vibrazioni dell'anello aromatico
  • 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C-O (eteri, alcoli)
  • Nessun assorbimento = gruppo funzionale assente → confrontare con un riferimento

Fonti: LibreTexts ↗, Silverstein (Spectrometric ID) ↗

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (9 sources)

📚 La bibliografia dei libri è in attesa di generazione. I manuali generali curati sono disponibili qui sotto; i libri di Google Books specifici per CAS possono essere scaricati dal pannello di amministrazione.

  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  2. Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
  4. Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
  5. Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
  6. McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
  7. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
📐 Proprietà fisico-chimiche (database) 13 campi MolGod Score: Primario
Proprietà Valore Unità Conditions Source
Punto di fusione -92.00 [1][6][11] °C 1 atm CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Punto di ebollizione -19.00 [1][6][11] °C 760 mmHg CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Solubilità in acqua 400.000 [1] g/L 20°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Densità (ρ) 0.8153 [1] g/cm³ -20°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Indice di rifrazione (n_D) 1.3746 [1] — 20°C, sodium D CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Tensione di vapore 3886.000 [1] mmHg 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Punto di infiammabilità 60.00 [1] °C closed cup CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Temperatura di autoaccensione 424.00 [1] °C in air CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
UV λmax 270 [1][2] nm water/MeOH CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
UV εmax 19 [1][2] M⁻¹·cm⁻¹ at λmax CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
pKa₁ 13.270 [1][2][10] — 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
logP (ottanolo/acqua) 0.350 [1][8][9] — 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Costante dielettrica (ε) 13.300 [1] — 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (12 sources)
  1. Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  5. Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
  6. Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
  7. Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
  8. Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
  9. Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
  10. Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
  11. Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1

Inserisci la concentrazione Formaldehyde in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 30.026 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuratezzaSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Procedura guidata di preparazione della soluzione WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Seleziona la concentrazione
② Volume finale
③ Solvente

Calcoli secondo: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Compatibilità con i solventiMolGod_SOLV_1

Stima basata sulla solubilità in acqua e sul logP. Dati indicativi — non sostituiscono studi sperimentali.

SolventeCompatibilitàNoteRiferimenti
Water~ ModeratalogP moderato
EtOH+ BuonaEtOH — solvente polare universale
Acetone+ BuonaAcetone — buono per composti mediamente polari
DCM+ BuonaDCM — buono per composti apolari
DMSO+ BuonaDMSO — potente solvente aprotico
THF+ BuonaTHF — ampio intervallo di solubilità
Hexane- ScarsaScarsa solubilità in esano
CHCl3+ BuonaCHCl3 — buono per composti mediamente polari e apolari

Fonti dei dati per logP/solubilità: logP: 1.20

📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Ogni solvente dispone di 5 fonti scientifiche indipendenti (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/GESTIS). Citazioni complete di seguito.

Water · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  2. International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). 1997. "Release on the Static Dielectric Constant of Ordinary Water Substance." IAPWS R8-97. [link ↗]
  3. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
  4. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Water." GESTIS Substance Database. Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
EtOH · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  2. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
  3. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183. [link ↗]
  4. Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-340-64578-9.X5000-9. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Ethanol." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Acetone · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  4. Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Acetone." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
DCM · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, dichloro- (CAS 75-09-2)." NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. "Dichloromethane." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 71: 251–315. [link ↗]
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Dichloromethane." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
DMSO · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Wypych, George. 2019. Handbook of Solvents. Volume 1: Properties. 3rd ed. Toronto: ChemTec Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-02235-3. [link ↗]
  2. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
  3. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, sulfinylbis- (CAS 67-68-5)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Dimethyl sulfoxide." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
THF · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Armarego, Wilfred L. F., and Christina Li Lin Chai. 2009. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals. 6th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-85617-567-8.50003-3. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Furan, tetrahydro- (CAS 109-99-9)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  4. Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Tetrahydrofuran." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Hexane · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. [link ↗]
  4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1999. Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "n-Hexane." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
CHCl3 · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. "Chloroform." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 73: 131–182. [link ↗]
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, trichloro- (CAS 67-66-3)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  3. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Chloroform." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
  3. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  5. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 50-00-0 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

🔬 Guida al controllo della purezza Controllo qualità

Verifica la purezza del reagente utilizzando metodi analitici standardizzati. Seleziona un metodo di analisi qui sotto e inserisci i risultati delle misurazioni per il calcolo automatico.

🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 50-00-0MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Pericolo (Danger)
GHS05 — Corrosivo
GHS05 Corrosivo
GHS06 — Tossico
GHS06 Tossico
GHS07 — Irritante / nocivo
GHS07 Irritante / nocivo
GHS08 — Pericolo per la salute
GHS08 Pericolo per la salute

🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

  • H350 — Può provocare il cancro.
  • H341 — Sospettato di provocare alterazioni genetiche.
  • H330 — Letale se inalato.
  • H302 — Nocivo se ingerito.
  • H314 — Provoca gravi ustioni cutanee e gravi lesioni oculari.
  • H317 — Può provocare una reazione allergica cutanea.
  • H335 — Può irritare le vie respiratorie.

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

  • P203 — Procurarsi, leggere e seguire tutte le istruzioni di sicurezza prima dell’uso.
  • P260 — Non respirare la polvere/i fumi/i gas/la nebbia/i vapori/gli aerosol.

✓ Classificazione armonizzata ai sensi dell'allegato VI del regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008 (classificazione ufficiale, vincolante). Numero indice: 605-001-00-5.

Riferimento (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "formaldehyde … %, Index No. 605-001-00-5." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

⚠ IARC — Gruppo 1: cancerogeno per l'uomo. (Valutazione indipendente delle evidenze di cancerogenicità da parte di IARC/WHO — integra la classificazione CLP soprastante.)
Riferimento (Chicago): IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 50-00-0. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 50-00-0 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.
📐 Formule statistiche
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
  • s = √s² — deviazione standard
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calcolatore di ricette per tamponi UNIQUE
Bibliografia: Valori di pKa da Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Scegli un tampone dall'elenco di 20 sistemi popolari → inserisci il pH target → otterrai una ricetta esatta con le masse da pesare.

Passo 1: Scegli un sistema tampone

📜 Cronologia delle ricette (ultime 10)
🚚 Classificazione di trasporto (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN2209
Numero UN
UN2209
FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION
Corrosive Sensitizer

🛣️ ADR Trasporto stradale

Classe:
8
Gruppo di imballaggio:
III
Nome di spedizione:
FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION
Codice galleria:
(E)
Limited Quantity (L):
5

✈️ IATA Trasporto aereo

Classe:
8
Istruzioni di imballaggio:
852 / 856
Quantità max (PAX):
5 L
Quantità max (CAO):
60 L

🚢 IMDG Trasporto marittimo

Classe:
8
EmS Code:
F-A, S-B

Fonti: ADR 2025 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗

🔬 Metodi HPLC/GC (3 metod)
📄
Bioactive Phytocompound Profiling and the Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants from Serbian Traditional Medicine
HPLCMolecules202693% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Colonna: C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 0.45 μm
Fase: mobile phase, and filtered through a 0
Rivelazione: UV 740 nm
Flusso: 1.00 mL/min
Temp.: 70.0 °C
Inj.: 250 μL
Gradient: profile going from 10% to 25% A from 0 to…
Aćimović M, Vučetić A, Vulić J, Ranitović A, Marić T, Travičić V, et al. Bioactive Phytocompound Profiling and the Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants from Serbian Traditional Medicine. Molecules. 2026;31:197. doi:10.3390/molecules31010197
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
Medicinal plants represent an important source of bioactive compounds whose composition and biological activity are strongly influenced by geographical origin and extraction conditions. In this study, six medicinal plants traditionally used in south-eastern Serbia (Galium verum, Filipendula vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, Sideritis montana, Teucrium chamaedrys, and Teucrium montanum) were investigated for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antimicrobial activities. Aqueous and 40% ethanol extracts were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), followed by HPLC-DAD profiling of individual polyphenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays, antihyperglycemic activity by α-glucosidase inhibition, and antimicrobial activity by the microdilution method against selected bacterial and fungal strains. L. salicaria exhibited the highest TPC (113.56–119.09 mg GAE/g DW), while F. vulgaris showed the highest TFC (65.74–66.31 mg RE/g DW). HPLC analysis revealed notable levels of ferulic acid in L. salicaria ethanol extract (39.12 mg/g DW), as well as rutin, luteolin, and myricetin in several species. Ethanol extracts generally demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity, with L. salicaria showing the highest DPPH (378.60 µM TE/g) and reducing power (684.06 µM TE/g), while its aqueous extract exhibited the highest ABTS activity (3621.93 µM TE/g). Strong antihyperglycemic activity was observed for F. vulgaris extracts (100% α-glucosidase inhibition). Antimicrobial assays revealed higher sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, with F. vulgaris and L. salicaria extracts showing the strongest effects. These findings highlight the significant influence of plant species and extraction solvent on bioactivity and support the potential of selected Serbian medicinal plants as sources of multifunctio...
📄
Determination of donepezil in spiked rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
HPLCRoyal Society Open Science201991% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Colonna: C18, 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm
Fase: Mobile phase consisted of methanol: 0
Rivelazione: UV 269 nm
Flusso: 1.00 mL/min
Temp.: 10.0 °C
Mohamed F, Khashaba P, Shahin R, El-Wekil M. Determination of donepezil in spiked rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Royal Society Open Science. 2019;6:181476. doi:10.1098/rsos.181476
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
The aim of this paper is to develop sensitive, accurate, reproducible and robust RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection for estimation of donepezil (DZ) in rabbit plasma using silodosin as the internal standard (IS). The prepared samples were quantified on reversed phase column Luna C18(2) (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) operated at room temperature using the mobile phase consisting of methanol: 0.1% acetic acid (50 : 50, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml min−1. The method was fully validated according to bioanalytical validation guidelines of FDA in terms of system suitability, selectivity, sensitivity, precision and stability. It was found that the increase in peak areas followed the increase of DZ concentration in the range of 2.56–200.00 ng ml−1 with LOD of 0.85 ng ml−1. The method was successfully applied for the determination of DZ in rabbit plasma using manual shaking dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction.
donepezilRP-HPLC-fluorescence detectionsilodosindispersive liquid–liquid microextractionstability studies
📄
Fingerprint Analysis and Quantitative Determination of Fourteen Active Components in the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Preparation Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS
HPLCIranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research201990% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity)
Colonna: C18, 0.22 μm
Fase: mobile phase included (A): methanol and (B): 2% glacial acetic acid aqueous…
Rivelazione: UV 280 nm
Temp.: 40.0 °C
Inj.: 20 μL
Gradient: elution (0–10 min, 5% A; 10–30 min, 5–20% A; 30–50…
Zhou D, Yang Q, Yu Z, Chang Y, Tian T, Shi Z, et al. Fingerprint Analysis and Quantitative Determination of Fourteen Active Components in the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Preparation Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR. 2019;18:948-960. doi:10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100649
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
FeiYangchangweiyan capsule (FY capsule), a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation consisting of three medicinal herbs, has been used to treat bacterial dysentery, acute, and chronic gastroenteritis for several decades. In this study, a novel, convenient, accurate, and valid method was developed by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD) to obtain a chromatographic fingerprint of FeiYangchangweiyan capsule (FY capsule). Then, fourteen peaks were identified according to MS/MS fragmentation behavior of the reference standards by using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis. At the same time, the fingerprint similarity was calculated and the contents of known ingredients were also determined simultaneously. The result demonstrated that the HPLC fingerprint combining similarity evaluation and quantification analysis can be successfully applied to control the quality of FY capsule.
HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MSQuantitative analysisTraditional Chinese medicinechangweiyan capsuleFingerprint
📈 Validazione del metodo (ICH Q2)

Nessun dato di validazione. Contattare l'autore del metodo.

Parametri secondo: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

📋 Confronto dei metodi
Technique Colonna Tempo di analisi Rivelazione Fase mobile Source
HPLC C18 — UV 740 nm mobile phase, and filtered through a 0 DOI ↗
HPLC C18 — UV 269 nm Mobile phase consisted of methanol: 0 DOI ↗
HPLC C18 — UV 280 nm mobile phase included (A): methanol and (B): 2%… DOI ↗
🔧 Risoluzione problemi HPLC/GC
Picchi larghi / tailing
Cause: Colonna usurata, pH della fase errato, sovraccarico della colonna, dead volume
Soluzione: Sostituire la colonna, verificare il pH del tampone (±0.2), ridurre il volume di iniezione, controllare i raccordi
Deriva della linea di base
Cause: Fase mobile contaminata, gradiente, temperatura instabile
Soluzione: Degassare la fase, filtrare 0.22 µm, stabilizzare la temperatura della colonna, lavare il sistema
Nessun picco
Cause: Lunghezza d'onda errata, la sostanza non eluisce, decomposizione termica, fase errata
Soluzione: Verificare λmax, prolungare il gradiente, abbassare la temperatura, cambiare la fase mobile
Picchi fantasma (ghost peaks)
Cause: Contaminazione del sistema, carry-over, flaconcini contaminati
Soluzione: Pulire il sistema (MeOH/H₂O), usare nuove fiale, iniettare un bianco
Basso recupero
Cause: Adsorbimento sulle pareti, estrazione insufficiente, decomposizione
Soluzione: Aggiungi IS, silanizza la vetreria, ottimizza l'estrazione, verifica la stabilità

Fonti: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

📊 Validazione del metodo HPLC (ICH Q2(R1)) PARTIAL

3 metrics need experimental data

Parametro Valore Unità Criterio ICH Q2 Status
Linearità (R²) nessun dato unitless R² ≥ 0.999 (≥0.99 per la bioanalitica) —
LOD (S/N = 3:1) nessun dato ng/mL S/N ≥ 3:1 (concentrazione rilevabile più bassa) —
LOQ (S/N = 10:1) nessun dato ng/mL S/N ≥ 10:1 (LOQ ≥ 3×LOD tipicamente) —
Precisione (RSD intraday, n=6) nessun dato % RSD RSD ≤ 2% (intraday) / ≤ 3% (interday) per l'API —
Accuratezza (recupero, 3 livelli) nessun dato % (target 100±2%) Recovery 98-102% (target 100%) —
Intervallo di linearità nessun dato es. 0.1-100 ng/mL Min. 80-120% della concentrazione nominale —
Selettività/Specificità nessun dato qualitative Nessuna interferenza — picco dell'analita completamente risolto (Rs ≥ 2.0) —
Robustezza (robustness) nessun dato RSD < 2% con variazione del ±5% RSD < 2% con piccole variazioni dei parametri —
Legend: ✓ PASS ⚠ CAUTION ✗ FAIL — NO_DATA
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Standard di convalida dei metodi analitici — 4 fonti indipendenti (ICH + USP + AOAC + Snyder).

  1. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Gold-standard ICH guideline — accepted by EMA, FDA, MHLW, NMPA
  2. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. USP-NF 2024 ed. USP. [link ↗]
  3. AOAC International. 2016. Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements. AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — AOAC SMPR — alternative to ICH Q2 for food/dietary supplements
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Industry standard textbook — Chapter 11 covers method validation
  5. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Classic method-development reference (DryLab heritage).
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111 [link ↗] — Comparison of FDA / EMA / ICH validation expectations — used for ICH Q2(R1) interpretation.
  7. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — Plackett-Burman design for robustness — basis of ICH Q2 §3.7.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Modern (UHPLC) update of validation chapter — practical RSD/LOD examples.
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — European pharmacopeial perspective — complements USP/AOAC.
  10. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954 [link ↗] — Pharma-focused validation case studies (specificity, robustness).
  11. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. [link ↗] — EMA bioanalytical companion to ICH Q2(R1) for clinical samples.

· ⚠ Avvisi normativi SVHC/REACH ↑

🔧 Risoluzione dei problemi HPLC — albero decisionale 6 problemi comuni

Diagnostica dei 12 problemi HPLC più comuni con albero decisionale (5 passaggi per problema). Fonte: Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.

Picchi allargati (broad peaks) medium

Sintomo: Tutti i picchi nel cromatogramma sono più larghi del previsto (FWHM > 2× della norma)

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Verifica se tutti i picchi sono allargati o solo alcuni
    → SÌ: Tutti → problema strumentale (colonna o sistema)
    → NO: Solo alcuni → problema chimico (interazione con la colonna per analiti specifici)
  2. 2. Sostituisci con una colonna di prova — il problema scompare?
    → SÌ: COLONNA usurata — packing danneggiato, void nei primi mm. Sostituiscila.
    → NO: Problema nel sistema LC
  3. 3. Controllare il volume morto (dead volume) — loop di iniezione, connessioni, rivelatore
    → SÌ: Loop > 100 µL per una colonna da 4.6 mm o connessioni allentate → sostituire le ferrule, accorciare i tubi
    → NO: Continua diagnostica
  4. 4. Test di temperatura: aumentare la colonna da 25°C a 40°C
    → SÌ: Picchi più stretti → cinetica di trasferimento di massa troppo lenta (aumentare T)
    → NO: Continue
  5. 5. Controllare il flow rate rispetto al valore ottimale di van Deemter per questa colonna
    → SÌ: Ottimale per 4.6mm/5µm = 1.0 mL/min, per 2.1mm/3µm = 0.4 mL/min
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Colonna usurata (>2000 iniezioni senza guard)
  • Volume morto del sistema > 100 µL (loop errato, tubi lunghi, ferrule allentate)
  • Temperatura troppo bassa (cinetica di trasferimento di massa)
  • Flow rate al di fuori dell'ottimale di van Deemter
  • Solvente del campione più forte della fase A
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Sostituire la colonna (quando >2000 iniezioni)
  • ✓ Controllare tutte le connessioni — tubi il più corti possibile
  • ✓ Aumentare la T della colonna a 40°C (se la sostanza è stabile)
  • ✓ Ridurre il flow all'ottimale di van Deemter
  • ✓ Sciogliere il campione nella fase A (non in organico puro)
Coda dei picchi (tailing, T > 1.5) high

Sintomo: I picchi presentano una "coda" prolungata sul lato di eluizione tardiva (asimmetria T = b/a > 1.5 secondo USP)

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. La sostanza contiene gruppi basici (ammino, piridina)?
    → SÌ: Sì → interazioni silanoliche! Aggiungere 0.1% TFA o 5-10 mM TEA alla fase A.
    → NO: Continue
  2. 2. Controllare il pH della fase mobile rispetto al pKa della sostanza
    → SÌ: pH = pKa ± 1 → ionizzazione parziale, peak split. Portare il pH a ≥ 2 unità di distanza dal pKa.
    → NO: Continue
  3. 3. Controllare l'età della colonna (>1500 iniezioni?)
    → SÌ: Sì → silanoli esposti (column bleed). Sostituire con una colonna con endcapping più elevato (XTerra, Symmetry).
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Il campione contiene metalli (Fe, Cu dalle fiale di vetro)?
    → SÌ: Sì → utilizzare fiale incolori di tipo II o PFA. EDTA 0.1mM nel campione.
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Interazioni silanoliche (analita basico + silanoli liberi del gel di silice)
  • pH al limite del pKa dell'analita (peak split)
  • Colonna vecchia (column bleed, elevata attività silanolica)
  • Metalli nel campione (chelazione → tailing)
  • Sovraccarico della colonna (>50 µg su una colonna da 4.6mm)
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Aggiungere 0.1% TFA (UV) o 0.1% acido formico (LC-MS) alla fase A
  • ✓ Scegliere una colonna con endcapping ad alta purezza: Waters XBridge BEH, Phenomenex Kinetex
  • ✓ Lavorare a pH ≥ 2 unità di distanza dal pKa
  • ✓ EDTA 0.1mM nel campione (chelazione Fe/Cu)
  • ✓ Ridurre il volume di iniezione a ≤ 20 µL per una colonna da 4.6mm
Deriva della linea di base (baseline drift) medium

Sintomo: La linea di base aumenta o diminuisce sistematicamente per >5 minuti

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Si sta utilizzando un gradiente (B% in aumento)?
    → SÌ: Sì → assorbimento diverso delle fasi A e B a dλ. Cambio di solvente nell'UV-cutoff. Controllare l'assorbanza UV del % di organico.
    → NO: Continua (isocratico)
  2. 2. Controllare la temperatura della colonna — è stabile a ±0.5°C?
    → SÌ: Sì (stabile) → continua
    → NO: Instabile → attivare il termostato della colonna (>25°C controllato)
  3. 3. Test: spegnere l'autosampler, far funzionare solo pompa+colonna+rivelatore
    → SÌ: La deriva scompare → contaminazione dell'autosampler (pulire l'ago, il septum)
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Controllare l'età della lampada (D2 per UV)
    → SÌ: Sì (>1500 ore) → sostituire la lampada
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Eluizione a gradiente con UV-cutoff diverso delle fasi
  • T della colonna instabile
  • Contaminazione dell'ago/septum dell'autosampler
  • Lampada UV vecchia (>1500h)
  • Cella di flusso del rivelatore sporca
  • Colonna non equilibrata (<10 volumi di colonna)
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Pre-equilibrare la colonna per 10-15 volumi di colonna al 100% A
  • ✓ Termostato colonna attivo, T 30-40°C stabile
  • ✓ Pulire la flow cell del rivelatore con soluzione ACN:H2O 50:50
  • ✓ Sostituire la lampada D2 se >1500h
  • ✓ Usare la baseline subtraction (funzione nativa Chromeleon, Empower)
Nessun picco / picco perso (no peak) critical

Sintomo: Il picco atteso dell'analita non compare nel cromatogramma

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. L'iniezione è stata effettivamente eseguita?
    → SÌ: Controllare il log dell'autocampionatore, la pressione della pompa (dovrebbe calare durante l'iniezione)
    → NO: Problema dell'autocampionatore → controllare il loop, l'ago, il campione nella fiala
  2. 2. Il campione è nella fiala (volume corretto, non evaporato)?
    → SÌ: Continue
    → NO: Nessun campione — ri-pipettare
  3. 3. Stabilità del campione — preparato >24h fa?
    → SÌ: Sì → degradazione. Ri-preparare un campione fresco.
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Controllare la lunghezza d'onda di rilevazione rispetto al λmax della sostanza
    → SÌ: Rilevazione a λ NON corrisponde al λmax → nessun segnale. Scansione DAD 200-400nm.
    → NO: Continue
  5. 5. Test: iniettare uno standard puro (di concentrazione nota, fresco)
    → SÌ: Lo standard dà un picco → problema con il campione (matrice, derivatizzazione)
    → NO: Nessun picco anche con lo standard → problema di sistema (colonna, fase, gradiente)
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Campione non prelevato dalla fiala (bug dell'autocampionatore)
  • Campione degradato (>24h pH/temp/luce)
  • Rilevazione alla lunghezza d'onda errata
  • Fase mobile errata (es. TFA dimenticato)
  • Colonna invertita / fase stazionaria errata
  • La sostanza eluisce sul fronte (V0) → non trattenuta, non visibile
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Ri-preparare un campione fresco secondo il protocollo esatto
  • ✓ Scansione UV-Vis DAD 200-400nm + ricerca del λmax
  • ✓ Controllare la composizione della fase mobile — TFA aggiunto?
  • ✓ Testare la direzione inversa della colonna (con cautela!)
  • ✓ Per ritenzione <1 min — abbassare il % B, MeOH al posto di ACN
  • ✓ Controllare la tabella "expected_rt" in wp_molgod_hplc_methods
Pressione troppo alta (pressure too high) critical

Sintomo: Pressione della pompa > 80% del massimo della colonna o shutdown del sistema con errore high-pressure

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Controllare che la colonna sia collegata correttamente (direzione della freccia)
    → SÌ: OK
    → NO: Colonna invertita → invertirla (non lavorare mai "al contrario")
  2. 2. Test: rimuovere la colonna dal sistema, far girare pompa+rivelatore da soli
    → SÌ: La pressione scende a <50 bar → problema nella colonna (intasata)
    → NO: La pressione rimane alta → filtro in-line intasato, frit sporco
  3. 3. Controllare il filtro pre-colonna (frit in-line)
    → SÌ: Sporco e brunastro → sostituire
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Retro-lavare la colonna con ACN:H2O 50:50 senza la colonna — scompare?
    → SÌ: Particelle bloccate nel primo mm — un flush di 30 min può recuperarla
    → NO: Sostituire la colonna
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Filtro in-line (frit) intasato da particelle
  • Salting-out del buffer (precipitazione ad alto %B)
  • Il campione contiene materiale in sospensione (filtrare a 0.22 µm prima dell'iniezione)
  • Colonna intasata (compattazione del letto della colonna)
  • Gradiente con fase buffer + molto organico → precipitazione del sale
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Filtrare SEMPRE il campione con PVDF 0.22 µm prima dell'iniezione
  • ✓ Sostituire il filtro in-line ogni 100 iniezioni (o quando la pressione aumenta >20%)
  • ✓ NON usare buffer fosfato >20mM + >70% ACN (il sale precipita)
  • ✓ Lavare la colonna per 30 min con ACN:H2O 50:50 in direzione inversa (quando il produttore lo consente)
  • ✓ Pre-colonna 4×3mm per proteggere la colonna principale
Picchi fantasma (ghost peaks) high

Sintomo: Picchi inspiegabili sul cromatogramma assenti nella calibrazione

🔍 Albero diagnostico:
  1. 1. Test: iniezione in bianco (solvente puro del campione)
    → SÌ: Compare un ghost → contaminazione del sistema o degli eluenti
    → NO: Compare solo con il campione → matrice
  2. 2. Il ghost cresce con il gradiente (eluisce ad alta %B)?
    → SÌ: Sì → colonna sovraccarica o composti fortemente trattenuti dalla corsa precedente
    → NO: Indipendente dal gradiente → carryover dell'autocampionatore
  3. 3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
    → SÌ: Aiuta → il carryover era la causa. Protocollo di lavaggio più forte.
    → NO: Continue
  4. 4. Iniezione di acqua pura — c'è un picco?
    → SÌ: Sì → contaminazione della fonte d'acqua (sostanze organiche dal sistema DI)
    → NO: Continue
⚠️ Cause comuni:
  • Carryover nell'ago/loop dell'autocampionatore
  • Contaminazione dell'eluente (anche di grado HPLC)
  • Componenti fortemente trattenuti da corse precedenti
  • Plastica nelle fiale (ftalati, PEG dai tappi)
  • Acqua DI insufficientemente purificata
✓ Soluzioni:
  • ✓ Rafforzare il protocollo di lavaggio: 100% B → 100% A → 50:50 (3 cicli)
  • ✓ Lavaggio forte: DMSO 100% o MeOH 100% prima della calibrazione
  • ✓ Filtrare gli eluenti con PTFE 0.22 µm in caso di dubbio
  • ✓ Usare vetro ambrato + tappi con rivestimento in Teflon per i campioni
  • ✓ Rampa di gradiente periodica fino a 100% B per 10 min (clean-out)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
  2. Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
  3. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
  4. Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
  7. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
  9. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
  10. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations. 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography. 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
🧪 Solubilità e compatibilità con i solventi MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecola
Formaldehyde
Formula
CH2O
logP
1.20
Massa (g/mol)
30.026
Polarità
Moderata

⚠️ Stima GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Nessun dato HSP di letteratura per questo CAS — precisione ±2 MPa½. Verificare sperimentalmente.

Solvente Compat. Ra Visuale GC-MS HPLC Applications Riferimenti
Water (H₂O)− Scarsa42.9
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
tamponecoltura cellulareanaliticoestrazione (idrofila)
Ethanol (EtOH)− Scarsa22.1
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspettroscopia (UV-Vis)sintesimodificatore HPLC
Methanol (MeOH)− Scarsa23.5
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone~ Media11.5
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecristallizzazionesgrassaggiosintesi
Acetonitrile (ACN)~ Media9.1
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
eluente HPLC (gold standard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)analisi dei peptidi
DMSO− Scarsa16.4
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)biologia cellulare (crioconservazione)somministrazione di farmacisintesi
THF− Scarsa16.4
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (analisi dei polimeri)sintesi di Grignardorganometallici
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)− Scarsa17.1
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScristallizzazione (anti-solvente)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)− Scarsa18.5
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)estrazione dei lipidi (metodo Folch)NP-TLC
Hexane− Scarsa17.3
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCestrazione di oli (lipidi)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Scarsa19.2
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)sintesiessiccazione azeotropica Dean-Stark
📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — clicca per espandere

11 solventi × 5 fonti scientifiche indipendenti (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ citazioni complete di seguito.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Set tabulare completo di 250+ solventi (ε, μ, donicità, numeri di accettore).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 50-00-0 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

📚 FAQ tecniche — Formaldehyde (5) MolGod_TECHFAQ_1
❓ Jak przygotować roztwór standardowy formaldehydu o stężeniu 0,1 mol/L?
Aby przygotować roztwór standardowy formaldehydu (CAS 50-00-0) o stężeniu 0,1 mol/L: 1. Oblicz masę potrzebnego formaldehydu: n = C × V = 0,1 mol/L × 1 L = 0,1 mola. Masa = n × MM = 0,1 mol × 30,026 g/mol = 3,0026 g. 2. Odmierz 3,0026 g formaldehydu i rozpuść w minimalnej ilości wody destylowanej. 3. Uzupełnij do objętości 1 L wodą destylowaną.
Utile?
❓ W jakich warunkach należy przechowywać formaldehyd (CAS 50-00-0)?
Formaldehyd należy przechowywać: 1. W temperaturze 15-25°C. 2. Z dala od światła słonecznego i silnych utleniaczy. 3. Wilgotność względna powinna być niska (<60%). 4. W szczelnie zamkniętych pojemnikach z tworzywa odpornego na formaldehyd (np. HDPE lub szkło borokrzemianowe).
Utile?
❓ Jaka metoda analityczna jest najlepsza do oznaczania stężenia formaldehydu w roztworze?
Dla formaldehydu (MW 30.026 g/mol, logP nieznany) zaleca się: 1. Chromatografię gazową (GC) z detektorem płomieniowo-jonizacyjnym (FID) lub spektrometrią mas (MS) - optymalna dla niskich stężeń i czystych próbek. 2. Wysokosprawną chromatografię cieczową (HPLC) z detektorem UV przy 280 nm - gdy próbki są złożone lub zawierają inhibitory GC.
Utile?
❓ Jakie reakcje i niezgodności chemiczne wykazuje formaldehyd?
Formaldehyd (CH2O) jest: 1. Silnym środkiem utleniającym - reaguje gwałtownie z reduktorami (np. NaBH4, Sn/HCl). 2. Reaguje z aminami tworząc amidy. 3. Niezgodny z: kwasami organicznymi, silnymi zasadami (NaOH), metalami ciężkimi. 4. W obecności wody polimeryzuje do paraformaldehydu.
Utile?
❓ W jakich praktycznych zastosowaniach laboratoryjnych wykorzystuje się formaldehyd?
Formaldehyd stosuje się m.in.: 1. Jako środek dezynfekujący i konserwujący próbki biologiczne. 2. W syntezie żywic formaldehydowych (np. bakelit). 3. Do modyfikacji powierzchni w mikroskopii elektronowej. 4. Jako wzorzec w analizie chemicznej (np. do kalibracji czujników formaldehydu). 5. W badaniach biochemicznych jako środek krzyżujący DNA/RNA.
Utile?
🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarità (M=n/V)
Tampone pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Moli
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generatore di protocolli di laboratorio MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocollo generato sulla base di: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Formaldeide• formaldehyde / formalin• CAS: 50-00-0• Formula: CH2O• Massa: 30.03 g/molPERICOLOINDICAZIONI DI PERICOLO GHS:H350: Può provocare il cancro.H341: Sospettato di provocare alterazioni genetiche.H330: Letale se inalato.H302: Nocivo se ingerito.DH ScientificScience first. Commerce as consequence.N. lotto: Massa netta: Prod.:
ADMET — profilo farmacologico
Caricamento delle predizioni ADMET…
⏳ Consulente di stabilità & durata di conservazione Arrhenius
Metodologia: Arrhenius equation k = A·exp(-Ea/RT). Citazione: Connors KA et al. 1986 · ICH Q1A(R2)

Inserisci le condizioni di conservazione → l'algoritmo di Arrhenius prevedrà la concentrazione residua, il tempo di dimezzamento e la raccomandazione d'uso.

Segni visivi di degradazione:
  • White solid = paraformaldehyde
❄️ Raccomandazioni di conservazione
Temperature:
15-25°C (NEVER below 15°C — paraformaldehyde precipitates)
Stabilizers:
Methanol 10-15%
Container:
HDPE/glass
Incompatible:
Oxidizers, bases, amines
🧪 Assistente di preparazione della soluzione (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Inserisci cosa vuoi preparare — genererò una SOP

Esempi qui sotto — clicca per inserire:
Ricette predefinite:
📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 50-00-0MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 20 publications
🏆 CAS 50-00-0 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Kanatharana, Proespichaya, Thavarungkul, Panote, Higson, Seamus P. J. et al. (2010) · Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
    Perché è importante: 106 citations · open access
    SCORE 9.14 Meccanismo Citazioni: 106 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Parivash Bazmayon; Dawood Elhamifar; Shiva Kargar (2026) · Nanoscale Advances
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 8.86 Meccanismo Citazioni: 3 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    et al. (2026) · Nanoscale Advances
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 8.48 Farmacologia Citazioni: 2 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2026) · Chemistry – An Asian Journal
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.85 Industria Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    et al. (2026) · Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.15 Farmacologia Citazioni: 1 Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Farnaz Bahavarnia; Mohammad Hasanzadeh; Nasrin Shadjou (2026) · RSC Advances
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Analitica Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    et al. (2027) · Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology
    Perché è importante: Recente (2027) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    et al. (2026) · RSC Advances
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    Rua B. Alnoman (2026) · Chirality
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2026) · RSC Advances
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    et al. (2026) · ACS Omega
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    et al. (2025) · Molecules
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    et al. (2026) · Advanced Science
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    Davenport, John, J. J. Davenport, R. P. Tatam et al. (2014) · International Society for Optical Engineering; 1999
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 5.68 Analitica Citazioni: 2 Open Access DOI ↗
  15. #15
    Valverde-Santiago M; Pontel LB (2025) · Molecular cell
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · recente (2025) · rassegna
    SCORE 4.8 Rassegna MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  16. #16
    Atkins J; Kukuyan AM; Toma M et al. (2025) · Leukemia
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · recente (2025)
    SCORE 4 Farmacologia MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  17. #17
    Wolkoff P (2025) · Archives of toxicology
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · recente (2025) · rassegna
    SCORE 4 Rassegna MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  18. #18
    (2011)
    Perché è importante: Open access
    SCORE 2.55 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗
  19. #19
    Hazardous Substance Ecological Fact Sheet Formaldehyde
    (1988)
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0.8 Industria
  20. #20
    Formaldehyde/formalin [CAS No. 50-00-0]
    Perché è importante: Selezionate tramite punteggio multi-criterio (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 0 Meccanismo
📈 Gradiente HPLC — ottimizzatore (LSS) MODELLO

Gradiente basato su PubChem XLogP3 + LSS (Snyder et al. 2010, cap. 9).

  • Colonna: C18
  • Tampone: phosphate
  • Flusso: 1 mL/min
  • logP: 1.2 (PubChem XLogP3)
  • Ramp: 15% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Tempo totale di analisi: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Commento
0 85 15 1 avvio (equilibrio)
2 85 15 1 fine mantenimento iniziale
17 5 95 1 fine rampa LSS
22 5 95 1 lavaggio della colonna
23 85 15 1 ritorno a init
28 85 15 1 riequilibrazione
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. [DOI ↗]

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/50-00-0

🌈 Rivelatore + lunghezza d'onda (UV/Vis) 280 nm
λmax280 nm
λmin—
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)20
Solvente (riferimento)predicted
λ suggerita280 nm
Rivelatore raccomandatoELSD
AlternativesRID, MS, CAD

Fonte dei dati: predicted_smiles_heuristic

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 36 refs · 5 baz

METODA Bibliografia del metodo

  1. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. "Principles of Instrumental Analysis." 7th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  2. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. "UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications." Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-77479-9. →
  3. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-41138-4.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. →
  5. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. →
  6. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  7. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 →
  8. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 →
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-68162-4. →
  10. Kim, Sunghwan, et al.. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51: D1373-D1380 →
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 →
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 →
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 →
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 →

MOLEKUŁA Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:Europe PMC (1) · db:openalex (12) · db:core (5) · db:molgod_data_citations:crossref (1)

  1. db:Europe PMC (2025). "Formaldehyde and its surrogates as a C1 platform for defossilised modern societies.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00882d →
  2. db:openalex Nathan H. Chen, Karrera Y. Djoko, Frédéric J. Veyrier et al.. (2016). "Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens". Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00257 →
  3. db:core Geissler, Erik, Szilagyi, Imre, M., Czakkel, O. et al.. (2013). "TiO2-doped resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) polymer and carbon gels with photocatalytic activity". https://doi.org/10.2478/nanome-2013-0001 →
  4. db:openalex Eloïse A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, T. P. Kurosu et al.. (2012). "Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6219-2012 →
  5. db:core (2012). "Formaldehyde 50-00-0". https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp12723.pub2 →
  6. db:molgod_data_citations:crossref (2011). "NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: formaldehyde/formalin [CAS No. 50-00-0].". https://doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2011145 →
  7. db:core Kanatharana, Proespichaya, Thavarungkul, Panote, Higson, Seamus P. J. et al.. (2010). "Sol-gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.034 →
  8. db:openalex Gunnar Damgård Nielsen, Peder Wolkoff. (2010). "Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value". Archives of Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0549-1 →
  9. db:openalex Susana Viegas, Carina Ladeira, Carla Nunes et al.. (2010). "Genotoxic effects in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: A study in anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production". Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-5-25 →
  10. db:openalex Anton C. de Groot, Mari‐Ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen et al.. (2009). "Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers". Contact Dermatitis. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x →
  11. db:openalex Michael Hauptmann, Patricia A. Stewart, Jay H. Lubin et al.. (2009). "Mortality From Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies and Brain Cancer Among Embalmers Exposed to Formaldehyde". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp416 →
  12. db:openalex T. Stavrakou, Jean‐François Müller, Isabelle De Smedt et al.. (2009). "Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1037-2009 →
  13. db:openalex T. Stavrakou, Jean‐François Müller, Isabelle De Smedt et al.. (2009). "Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003–2006". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009 →
  14. db:openalex A. Heckel, Andreas Richter, T. Tarsu et al.. (2005). "MAX-DOAS measurements of formaldehyde in the Po-Valley". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-909-2005 →
  15. db:openalex Eric Brown, Michael R. Kessler, Nancy R. Sottos et al.. (2003). "In situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene". Journal of Microencapsulation. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265204031000154160 →
  16. db:core Chance, K., Daniel J. Jacob, Palmer, P. I. et al.. (2000). "Satellite observations of formaldehyde over North America from GOME". https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011857 →
  17. db:openalex Sherwood Burge, M G Harries, W.K. Lam et al.. (1985). "Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde.". Thorax. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.40.4.255 →
  18. db:openalex John D. Goddard, Henry F. Schaefer. (1979). "The photodissociation of formaldehyde: Potential energy surface features". The Journal of Chemical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.437353 →
  19. db:core (0). "ToxFAQs for formaldehyde".

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/detector/50-00-0

📐 Calcolatore della simmetria del picco HPLC (USP Tf / As)

Calcola il fattore di tailing USP (T) e l'asimmetria (As) dalle semilarghezze del picco. Inserisci a (semilarghezza sinistra) e b (semilarghezza destra) misurate al 5% o 10% dell'altezza del picco.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📊 Calcolatore di risoluzione e numero di piatti (Rs, N, H)

Calcola la risoluzione Rs, il numero di piatti teorici N e l'HETP (H) per una coppia di picchi HPLC. Inserisci i tempi di ritenzione, le larghezze dei picchi (al 50% o alla base) e la lunghezza della colonna.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

Related products

🧪 System Suitability — calcolatore live (USP <621>)

Inserisci i dati di 5-6 iniezioni (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — il calcolatore calcolerà %RSD, le medie e verificherà la conformità con USP <621>. Puoi incollare un CSV (separato da virgole) o modificare i singoli valori.

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."

Inne produkty z tej kategorii

📋 Status prawny (REACH / TSCA / UK)MolGod_REG_2
JurysdykcjaListaStatusSunset
USTSCAactive—
CADSL_TOXICrestricted—
AUAICSlisted—
📈 Predittore dello spettro UV-VIS (200-400 nm) λmax 280 nm MolGod_UVVIS_1

🔬 Spettro previsto (euristica SMILES) — λmax determinato automaticamente da PubChem CanonicalSMILES. Precisione ±30 nm; i dati non sostituiscono una misurazione sperimentale.

0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400280 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
λmax280 nm
λmin—
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)20
Solvente (query)water
Solvente (riferimento)predicted
Concentration (M)1e-4
Lunghezza del cammino ottico (cm)1
FWHM della curva30 nm

Modello: curva gaussiana centrata su λmax con scalatura secondo Beer-Lambert A = ε · c · l. Trasmittanza T = 10^(-A) · 100%.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Moreira, Caroline dos Santos. 2015. "Formaldhyde (CAS 50-00-0)." Revista Virtual de Química 7 (4): 1594-1601. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-6835.20150088. [DOI]
  2. Anonymous. 2011. "NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: formaldehyde/formalin [CAS No. 50-00-0].". https://doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2011145. [DOI]
  3. (2025). "Formaldehyde and its surrogates as a C1 platform for defossilised modern societies.". https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00882d [DOI]
  4. Nathan H. Chen, Karrera Y. Djoko, Frédéric J. Veyrier et al.. (2016). "Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens". Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00257 [DOI]
  5. Geissler, Erik, Szilagyi, Imre, M., Czakkel, O. et al.. (2013). "TiO2-doped resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) polymer and carbon gels with photocatalytic activity". https://doi.org/10.2478/nanome-2013-0001 [DOI]
  6. Eloïse A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, T. P. Kurosu et al.. (2012). "Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6219-2012 [DOI]
  7. (2012). "Formaldehyde 50-00-0". https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp12723.pub2 [DOI]
  8. Kanatharana, Proespichaya, Thavarungkul, Panote, Higson, Seamus P. J. et al.. (2010). "Sol-gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.034 [DOI]
  9. Gunnar Damgård Nielsen, Peder Wolkoff. (2010). "Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value". Archives of Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0549-1 [DOI]
  10. Susana Viegas, Carina Ladeira, Carla Nunes et al.. (2010). "Genotoxic effects in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: A study in anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production". Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-5-25 [DOI]
  11. Anton C. de Groot, Mari‐Ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen et al.. (2009). "Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers". Contact Dermatitis. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x [DOI]
  12. Michael Hauptmann, Patricia A. Stewart, Jay H. Lubin et al.. (2009). "Mortality From Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies and Brain Cancer Among Embalmers Exposed to Formaldehyde". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp416 [DOI]
  13. T. Stavrakou, Jean‐François Müller, Isabelle De Smedt et al.. (2009). "Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1037-2009 [DOI]
  14. T. Stavrakou, Jean‐François Müller, Isabelle De Smedt et al.. (2009). "Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003–2006". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009 [DOI]
  15. A. Heckel, Andreas Richter, T. Tarsu et al.. (2005). "MAX-DOAS measurements of formaldehyde in the Po-Valley". Atmospheric chemistry and physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-909-2005 [DOI]
  16. Eric Brown, Michael R. Kessler, Nancy R. Sottos et al.. (2003). "In situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene". Journal of Microencapsulation. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265204031000154160 [DOI]
  17. Chance, K., Daniel J. Jacob, Palmer, P. I. et al.. (2000). "Satellite observations of formaldehyde over North America from GOME". https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011857 [DOI]
  18. Sherwood Burge, M G Harries, W.K. Lam et al.. (1985). "Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde.". Thorax. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.40.4.255 [DOI]
  19. John D. Goddard, Henry F. Schaefer. (1979). "The photodissociation of formaldehyde: Potential energy surface features". The Journal of Chemical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.437353 [DOI]
  20. (0). "ToxFAQs for formaldehyde".
  21. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  22. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  23. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  24. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  25. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  26. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  27. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  28. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  29. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  30. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  31. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  32. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  33. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  34. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  35. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  36. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.

📖 Wartość λmax = 280 nm pochodzi z bazy/literatury. Brak niezależnego potwierdzenia krzyżowego (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — weryfikacja krzyżowa niedostępna.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/50-00-0?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

☣️ Tossicità (LD50 / LC50) GHS Cat 3 — ModerataMolGod_LD50_1
LD50
100 mg/kg
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Moderately toxic
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

Fonte: RTECS LP8925000; ATSDR Tox Profile Formaldehyde 2024 (2024). CAS 50-00-0.

I dati LD50/LC50 hanno valore puramente indicativo; non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) né la valutazione di un esperto tossicologo. Classificazione GHS per la via orale (mg/kg bw) secondo UN GHS, 10ª rev. 2023, Annex 1 §3.1.1.

Bibliography (Chicago)
  • Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (per kryteria klasyfikacji rakotwórczości IARC Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
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📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 107 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 50-00-0.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

  1. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 50-00-0. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=50-00-0. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  2. AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 50-00-0. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  3. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 50-00-0. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=50-00-0. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  4. ECHA. 2026. C&L Inventory and REACH Registration: CAS 50-00-0. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📐 Standard / Linee guida

  1. ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 50-00-0." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  3. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  4. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monographs

  1. IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 50-00-0. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Siti web

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. U.S. OSHA. 2026. "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance: CAS 50-00-0." Washington, DC: U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/hazwoper. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  10. National Fire Protection Association (2018) — NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-472.
  11. European Union. 2026. "EUR-Lex Legal Database: CAS 50-00-0." Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012L0018. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
  12. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024) — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  13. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  14. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  15. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  16. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  17. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  18. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  19. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  20. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  21. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  22. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  23. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  24. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
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  26. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  27. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
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  38. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
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  43. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
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  49. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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