Description
Azot, CAS 7727-37-9
液氮
0,99 €
Azot, CAS 7727-37-9
🔒 演示模式 — 此商品不出售。
合法物质。dhscientific.com 是 MOL-GOD 平台的演示 — 我们不出售任何商品，也不处理订单。被禁止的物质会依据法规基准在此自动拦截（例如可参见七氯）。
化学概述: NitrogenMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
| 分子式 | N2 |
| 分子量 | 28.014 g/mol |
| 熔点 | -210.01 °C |
| 沸点 | -195.79 °C |
| 密度 | 0.807 g/cm³ |
| LogP（亲脂性） | 0.1 |
| SMILES | N#N |
| InChIKey | IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
同义词: Nitrogen · Nitrogen gas · Molecular nitrogen · Dinitrogen · 7727-37-9
数据来源： PubChem (NLM/NIH)
最后更新： 2026-11-10
物理化学性质
快速参考
化学式：
N2
分子量：
28.01 g/mol
CAS号：
7727-37-9
外观：
Colorless gas
气味：
Odorless gas
气味：
Odorless gas
详细性质
| 属性 | 值 | 单位 | 条件 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 密度（ρ） | 0.8070 | g/cm³ | 160 °C (320 °F) | PubChem PUG-View |
| 熔点（mp） | -210.01 °C (-346 °F) | 1 atm | PubChem PUG-View | |
| 沸点（bp） | -320.1 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999) | PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗ | ||
| 蒸气压 | -236 °C (-392.8 °F) at 1Pa (solid); -232 °C (-385.6 °F) at 10Pa (solid); -226.8 °C (-376.2 °F) at 100Pa (solid); -220.2 °C (-364.4 °F) at 1kPa (solid); -211.1 °C (-348 °F) at 10kPa (solid); -195.9 °C (-320.6 °F) at 100kPa (N2) | PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗ | ||
| 水溶性 | In water, 1.81X10+4 mg/L at 21 °C (69.8 °F) | PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗ | ||
| 黏度（η） | 7.0 at 100 K; 12.0 at 200 K; 17.9 at 300 K; 22.2 at 400 K; 26.1 at 500 K; 29.6 at 600 K (all in uPa.s; N2) | PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗ | ||
| 折射率（nD） | Index of refraction (one atmosphere, 0 °C (32 °F), wavelength): 1.003012 at 0.4861 um; 1.002998 at 0.5461 um; 1.002990 at 0.5893 un; 1.002982 at 0.6563 um (N2) | PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗ |
🔬 高级属性
化学标识符
SMILES:
N#N
InChI:
InChI=1S/N2/c1-2
InChIKey:
IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
数据来源： PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)
最后更新： 2026-07-11
⚛ 原子可视化 — 氮 MolGod_ATOMVIZ_1
N
氮
Nitrogen
Z = 7 | 非金属
原子质量
14.007 u
熔点
-210 °C
沸点
-195.79 °C
密度
0.00125 g/cm³
电负性
3.04
族 / 周期
15 / 2
7 质子数
7 neutronów
K: 2e⁻
L: 5e⁻
[He] 2s² 2p³
📡 光谱学 — CAS 7727-37-9MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
光谱数据库 — 内联数据 8 来源 MolGod_SPECDB_2
光谱按需从9个来源获取。每个光谱都存储在我们的数据库中 — 下次打开时无需向外部API发出请求。无需搜索即可为每个光谱下载JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG。
MS (NIST)
Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis
UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (MoNA)
MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
MassBank of North America (UC Davis)
DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS)
SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial
参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：
🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph
Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only
参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：
🔗 JP Monograph →
Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN
WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)
参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：
🔗 WHO INN →
WHO INN Programme
DOAJ
DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)
参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：
🔗 DOAJ →
DOAJ — doaj.org
理化性质（数据库） 5 字段 MolGod评分：可靠
| 属性 | 值 | 单位 | 条件 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 熔点 | -210.01 | °C | 1 atm | PubChem PUG-View |
| 沸点 | -195.79 | °C | 760 mmHg | PubChem PUG-View |
| 水溶性 | 18.100 | g/L | 25°C | PubChem PUG-View |
| 密度 (ρ) | 0.8070 | g/cm³ | 160°C | PubChem PUG-View |
| logP (辛醇/水) | 0.100 | — | 25°C | PubChem PUG-View |
📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式） (12 来源)
- Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
- National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
- Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
- PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
- Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
- Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
- Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
- Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
- Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
- Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
- Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🛡️ 安全 — CAS 7727-37-9MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
数据限制说明。 本页安全信息仅供参考，不能替代完整的安全数据表（SDS）。使用产品前，请查阅制造商当前的安全数据表以及GHS/CLP指南。CLP分类适用于纯散装物质，不适用于商业制剂。
GHS/CLP分类——(EC) No 1272/2008法规 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021)。
⚠️ 危险 (Danger)
🚨 危险说明（H）
- H280 — 内装加压气体；遇热可能爆炸
- H304 — 吞咽并进入呼吸道可能致命
- H401 — 对水生生物有毒
🛡 防范说明（P）
- P282 — 戴防寒手套和防护面具或防护眼罩。
- P410 — 防日晒。
- P273 — 避免释放到环境中。
⚠ 基于来源共识的分类（PubChem/供应商通知）——未与附件VI（CLP）中的统一分类进行验证。危害范围可能比官方分类更广；使用前请与供应商当前的安全数据表进行验证。
翻译：CLP 法规 (EC) 1272/2008，附件 III 和 IV。数据：PubChem/NLM。
📚 综合科学参考文献 — Chicago Author-Date 10 来源
从所有Safety Hub选项卡收集的参考文献。CAS号： 7727-37-9 ·
PubChem ↗
- Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS，法规
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
- Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
- UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia
具有自身参考文献的选项卡（紧急情况、个人防护装备、储存、废物）在其各自章节中包含额外的书目条目。
分析统计（t检验·RSD·Grubbs·Q-Dixon） ICH Q2
粘贴一系列重复测量结果（CSV或每行一个数字）。计算器将计算平均值、标准差和95%置信区间，并检测异常值（Grubbs + Dixon Q）。
分隔符：逗号、空格、制表符、换行。至少3个测量值。
📐 统计公式
x̄ = Σxᵢ / n— 算术平均值s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1)— 样本方差s = √s²— 标准差RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100%— 相对标准差CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n— Student's tG = |xᵢ - x̄| / s— Grubbs检验Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin|— Dixon Q-test
来源：ICH Q2(R2) 分析方法验证 · ICH PDF ↗
🔧 HPLC故障排除——决策树 6 常见问题
12种最常见HPLC问题的诊断及决策树（每个问题5个步骤）。 来源： Snyder/Kirkland/Dolan 3rd ed. Chapter 17 + LCGC LC Troubleshooting columns 1989-2024.
宽峰 medium
症状： 色谱图上所有峰都比预期宽（半峰宽 > 2倍正常值）
🔍 诊断树：
-
1. 检查是所有峰变宽还是只有部分峰
→ 是： 所有峰→仪器问题（色谱柱或系统）
→ 否： 仅部分峰→化学问题（特定分析物与色谱柱的相互作用） -
2. 更换测试柱——问题是否消失？
→ 是： 色谱柱已耗尽——填料损坏，前几毫米有空隙。更换。
→ 否： 液相色谱系统问题 -
3. 检查死体积——进样环、连接件、检测器
→ 是： 对于4.6 mm色谱柱，进样环 > 100 µL或连接松动→更换卡套，缩短管路
→ 否： 继续诊断 -
4. 温度测试：将色谱柱从25°C升至40°C
→ 是： 峰变窄→传质动力学过慢（升高温度）
→ 否： Continue -
5. 检查流速与该色谱柱的最佳范德姆特值
→ 是： 4.6mm/5µm的最佳流速为1.0 mL/min，2.1mm/3µm的最佳流速为0.4 mL/min
→ 否： Continue
⚠️ 常见原因：
- 色谱柱已耗尽（无保护柱时超过2000次进样）
- 系统死体积 > 100 µL（错误的进样环、长管路、卡套松动）
- 温度过低（传质动力学）
- 流速超出范德姆特最佳值
- 样品溶剂比流动相A更强
✓ 修复方法：
- ✓ 更换色谱柱（当>2000次进样时）
- ✓ 检查所有连接——管路尽可能短
- ✓ 将色谱柱温度升至40°C（如果物质稳定）
- ✓ 将流速降至van Deemter最佳值
- ✓ 将样品溶解在流动相A中（而非纯有机相）
峰拖尾（拖尾因子T > 1.5） high
症状： 峰在晚洗脱侧有延伸的“拖尾”（根据USP，不对称度T = b/a > 1.5）
🔍 诊断树：
-
1. 物质是否含有碱性基团（氨基、吡啶）？
→ 是： 是 → 硅醇相互作用！向流动相A中添加0.1% TFA或5-10 mM TEA。
→ 否： Continue -
2. 检查流动相pH与物质pKa的关系
→ 是： pH = pKa ± 1 → 部分电离，峰分裂。使pH远离pKa ≥ 2个单位。
→ 否： Continue -
3. 检查色谱柱使用时间（>1500次进样？）
→ 是： 是 → 硅醇暴露（柱流失）。更换为具有更高封端度的色谱柱（XTerra、Symmetry）。
→ 否： Continue -
4. 样品是否含有金属（来自玻璃小瓶的Fe、Cu）？
→ 是： 是 → 使用II型无色小瓶或PFA小瓶。向样品中添加0.1mM EDTA。
→ 否： Continue
⚠️ 常见原因：
- 硅醇相互作用（碱性分析物 + 硅胶游离硅醇）
- pH处于分析物pKa边界（峰分裂）
- 旧色谱柱（柱流失，高硅醇活性）
- 样品中的金属（螯合 → 拖尾）
- 色谱柱过载（4.6mm色谱柱上>50 µg）
✓ 修复方法：
- ✓ 向流动相A中加入0.1% TFA（UV）或0.1%甲酸（LC-MS）
- ✓ 选择高纯度封端的色谱柱：Waters XBridge BEH、Phenomenex Kinetex
- ✓ 在pH值距离pKa ≥ 2个单位的条件下操作
- ✓ 向样品中加入0.1mM EDTA（螯合Fe/Cu）
- ✓ 对于4.6 mm色谱柱，将进样体积减少至≤ 20 µL
基线漂移 medium
症状： 基线在>5分钟内系统性上升或下降
🔍 诊断树：
-
1. 是否使用梯度（B%增加）？
→ 是： 是 → 流动相A与B在检测波长下吸收不同。溶剂更换导致UV截止波长变化。检查有机相UV吸光度百分比。
→ 否： 继续（等度） -
2. 检查色谱柱温度——是否稳定在±0.5°C？
→ 是： 是（稳定）→ 继续
→ 否： 不稳定 → 开启柱温箱（>25°C受控） -
3. 测试：关闭自动进样器，仅运行泵+色谱柱+检测器
→ 是： 漂移消失 → 自动进样器污染（清洁针头、隔垫）
→ 否： Continue -
4. 检查灯的使用时间（UV用D2灯）
→ 是： 是（>1500小时）→ 更换灯
→ 否： Continue
⚠️ 常见原因：
- 梯度洗脱，流动相UV截止值不同
- 色谱柱温度不稳定
- 自动进样器针头/隔垫污染
- UV灯老化（>1500h）
- 检测器流通池污染
- 色谱柱未平衡（<10个柱体积）
✓ 修复方法：
- ✓ 用100% A预平衡色谱柱10-15个柱体积
- ✓ 开启色谱柱恒温箱，温度30-40°C稳定
- ✓ 用50:50乙腈-水溶液清洗检测器流通池
- ✓ 如果D2灯使用时间>1500小时，请更换
- ✓ 使用基线扣除（Chromeleon、Empower原生功能）
无峰/丢失峰 critical
症状： 预期分析物峰未出现在色谱图上
🔍 诊断树：
-
1. 进样是否实际发生？
→ 是： 检查自动进样器日志、泵压力（进样时应下降）
→ 否： 自动进样器问题→检查定量环、进样针、样品瓶中的样品 -
2. 样品是否在样品瓶中（体积正确，未蒸发）？
→ 是： Continue
→ 否： 无样品——重新移液 -
3. 样品稳定性——制备时间是否超过24小时？
→ 是： 是→降解。重新制备新鲜样品。
→ 否： Continue -
4. 检查检测波长与物质的λmax是否匹配
→ 是： 检测波长与λmax不匹配→无信号。扫描DAD 200-400nm。
→ 否： Continue -
5. 测试：进样纯标准品（已知浓度，新鲜）
→ 是： 标准品出峰→样品问题（基质、衍生化）
→ 否： 标准品也无峰→系统问题（色谱柱、流动相、梯度）
⚠️ 常见原因：
- 样品未从样品瓶中抽取（自动进样器故障）
- 样品降解（超过24小时，pH/温度/光照）
- 检测波长错误
- 流动相错误（例如忘记加TFA）
- 色谱柱接反/固定相错误
- 物质在死时间（V0）洗脱→无保留，不可见
✓ 修复方法：
- ✓ 严格按照协议重新制备新鲜样品
- ✓ 紫外-可见DAD扫描200-400nm并搜索λmax
- ✓ 检查流动相组成——是否添加了TFA？
- ✓ 测试色谱柱反向（小心！）
- ✓ 对于保留时间<1分钟——降低B比例，用甲醇代替乙腈
- ✓ 检查wp_molgod_hplc_methods中的“expected_rt”表
压力过高 critical
症状： 泵压力>色谱柱最大压力的80%或系统因高压错误停机
🔍 诊断树：
-
1. 检查色谱柱是否连接正确（箭头方向）
→ 是： OK
→ 否： 色谱柱接反→将其翻转（切勿反向安装运行） -
2. 测试：从系统中移除色谱柱，仅运行泵+检测器
→ 是： 压力降至 <50 bar → 色谱柱问题（堵塞）
→ 否： 压力保持高位 → 在线过滤器堵塞，烧结滤片污染 -
3. 检查预柱过滤器（在线烧结滤片）
→ 是： 污染且变棕色 → 更换
→ 否： Continue -
4. 用 50:50 ACN:H2O 反向冲洗（不带色谱柱）——问题消失？
→ 是： 颗粒卡在第一毫米处——冲洗 30 分钟可能恢复
→ 否： 更换色谱柱
⚠️ 常见原因：
- 在线过滤器（烧结滤片）被颗粒堵塞
- 缓冲盐析（高 %B 时沉淀）
- 样品含有悬浮物（进样前用 0.22 µm 过滤）
- 色谱柱堵塞（柱床压实）
- 梯度含缓冲液相 + 高有机相 → 盐沉淀
✓ 修复方法：
- ✓ 进样前务必用0.22 µm PVDF过滤样品
- ✓ 每100次进样（或压力升高>20%时）更换在线过滤器
- ✓ 不要使用>20mM磷酸盐缓冲液+>70%乙腈（盐会析出）
- ✓ 用50:50乙腈:水反向冲洗色谱柱30分钟（如果制造商允许）
- ✓ 使用4×3mm预柱保护主色谱柱
鬼峰 high
症状： 色谱图上校准中不存在的无法解释的峰
🔍 诊断树：
-
1. 测试：空白进样（纯样品溶剂）
→ 是： 出现鬼峰 → 系统或洗脱液污染
→ 否： 仅与样品一起出现 → 基质 -
2. 鬼峰是否随梯度增大（在高 %B 下洗脱）？
→ 是： 是 → 色谱柱过载或前一次运行中的强保留物质
→ 否： 与梯度无关 → 自动进样器残留 -
3. Increase carryover wash (between injections)
→ 是： 有帮助 → 残留是原因。使用更强的清洗程序。
→ 否： Continue -
4. 纯水进样——是否有峰？
→ 是： 是 → 水源污染（来自 DI 系统的有机物）
→ 否： Continue
⚠️ 常见原因：
- 自动进样器针/定量环中的残留
- 洗脱液污染（即使是 HPLC 级）
- 前一次运行中的强保留组分
- 样品瓶中的塑料（邻苯二甲酸酯、来自瓶盖的 PEG）
- 纯化不充分的去离子水
✓ 修复方法：
- ✓ 加强清洗程序：100% B → 100% A → 50:50（3个循环）
- ✓ 校准前进行强清洗：100% DMSO或100%甲醇
- ✓ 如有疑问，用0.22 µm PTFE过滤洗脱液
- ✓ 使用琥珀色玻璃瓶和聚四氟乙烯内衬盖盛装样品
- ✓ 定期进行梯度升至100% B并持续10分钟（清洗）
📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开
- Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17 (Troubleshooting) pp. 559-616. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗]
- Dolan, John W.. 2014. LC Troubleshooting (monthly column 1989-2024). LCGC North America. [link ↗] — John Dolan 35-letnia seria miesięcznych artykułów problemowych
- Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31377-1. — Praktyczny przewodnik problem-solving dla labs analitycznych
- Dolan, John W.. 2013. When to Modify Method Conditions. 192-199. [link ↗] — Decision flow for changing flow rate / temperature / %B vs swapping columns.
- Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗] — Chapter 9 covers troubleshooting modern UHPLC systems (sub-2 µm particles).
- Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0. — Solid step-by-step problem isolation chapter (eluents, columns, instruments).
- Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. Practical HPLC Method Development. 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-00703-6. — Method-development companion volume with troubleshooting cross-refs.
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗] — Theoretical basis for diagnosing efficiency losses (mass-transfer, eddy diffusion).
- Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods. 2120-2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗] — How to diagnose method failures vs. system failures (Plackett-Burman).
- Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5. — Historical context for ghost-peak phenomenology (silica chemistry).
- Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. The new physical chemistry of HPLC. 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
- Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations. 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
- Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
- Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography. 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
ADMET — ADMET 性质
正在加载ADMET预测…
📚 科学文献概览 — CAS 7727-37-9MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
⭐ 关键发现（科学文献） 20 出版物
🏆 CAS
7727-37-9
— multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30%引用·20%近期性·20%主题·15%历史·15%开放获取.
-
#1Thomas E. Marler (2020) · Nitrogen重要性： Open access
-
#2et al. (2026) · Polymers重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#3Deyvid Novaes Marques (2026) · Nitrogen重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#4et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#5et al. (2026) · Inorganic Chemistry重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#6et al. (2026) · Chemistry – A European Journal重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#7Darshini Ramachandran; Akkattu T. Biju (2026) · Chemical Science重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#8Bikram K. Das, Amrit Koirala, Volker S. Brözel (2026) · Nitrogen重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#9Ahmed M. Mahdy; Nieven O. Fathi (2026) · BMC Plant Biology重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#10et al. (2026) · RSC Advances重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#11et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#12et al. (2026) · RSC Advances重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#13Zi-Han Wang; Wangqin Ji; Tao-Yan Lin (2026) · RSC Advances重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#14et al. (2026) · Nanoscale Advances重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#15et al. (2026) · RSC Advances重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#16et al. (2026) · RSC Advances重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#17et al. (2026) · Chemistry – A European Journal重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#18Jacques Fils Pierre (2026) · Nitrogen重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#19Hans-Werner Olfs (2026) · Nitrogen重要性： 近期（2026） · open access
-
#20P Arunvipas; I.R Dohoo; J.A VanLeeuwen; G.P Keefe (2003) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine重要性： 通过多标准评分选择（引用+近期性+主题+历史+开放获取）。
Related products
📚 参考文献（综合书目，芝加哥作者-日期格式） 107 条目
以上折叠面板中针对CAS号7727-37-9引用的所有科学来源。格式： 《芝加哥格式手册》第17版，作者-日期系统.
🗄️ 科学数据库
- NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7727-37-9. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7727-37-9. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7727-37-9. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7727-37-9. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=7727-37-9. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- ECHA. 2026. C&L Inventory and REACH Registration: CAS 7727-37-9. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
📐 标准/指南
- ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 7727-37-9." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.
📖 书籍
- Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
- Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
- Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
- Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
- Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.
📘 专著
- IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 7727-37-9. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
📄 科学文章（同行评审）
- Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
- Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.
🌐 网站
- ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
- European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
- ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
- European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
- ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
- ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
- United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
- ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
- U.S. OSHA. 2026. "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance: CAS 7727-37-9." Washington, DC: U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/hazwoper. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- National Fire Protection Association (2018) — NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-472.
- European Union. 2026. "EUR-Lex Legal Database: CAS 7727-37-9." Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012L0018. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024) — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
- Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
- Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
- Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
- Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
- Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
- Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
- Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
- Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
- Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
- Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
- Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
- Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
- Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
- Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
- Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
- Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
- Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
- Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
- Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
- Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
- Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
- Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
- Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
- Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
- USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
- Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
- Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
- Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
- Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
- Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
- European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
- International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
- Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
- Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
- Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
- Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
- Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
- USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
- U.S. FDA. 2026. "FDA Guidance and Resources: CAS 7727-37-9." Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.111.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
- Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470087954.
- AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. https://www.aoac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/app_f.pdf.
- International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
- Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
- Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
- Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
- Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
- International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
- Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
- International Air Transport Association. 2026. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 67th ed. Montreal: IATA. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/.
- International Maritime Organization. 2024. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2024 Edition (Amendment 42-24). London: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspx.
- United Nations. 2025. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 24th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.24. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-model-regulations.
- International Civil Aviation Organization. 2025. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2025–2026 ed. Montreal: ICAO. https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Pages/technical-instructions.aspx.
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention. 2024. "USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography." USP. https://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp/document/harmonization/gen-chapter/g05_pf_30_4_2004.pdf.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf.
- Sejm RP. 2026. "Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych (ISAP): CAS 7727-37-9." Warszawa: Kancelaria Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Srodowiska. 2026. "Baza Danych o Odpadach (BDO): CAS 7727-37-9." Warszawa: Ministerstwo Klimatu i Srodowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/. (Accessed 2026-11-12.)
- Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." Elsevier.
- Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." Wiley.
- NIOSH. 2024. "Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/standards/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025.
- IPCS INCHEM. 2024. "International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines." WHO/UNEP/ILO. https://www.inchem.org/.
- International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
- World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
- European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-process-validation-finished-products-information-data-be-provided-regulatory-submissions-revision-1_en.pdf.
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
- European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
- Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
- International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. https://ipecamericas.org/sites/default/files/IPECPQGGMPGuide2017.pdf.
📥 下载BibTeX📥 下载RIS导入到Zotero/Mendeley/EndNote/Papers。
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.